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Loyalty programs may limit competition, and they could be pushing prices up for everyone

<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alexandru-nichifor-1342216">Alexandru Nichifor</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/scott-duke-kominers-1494057">Scott Duke Kominers</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/harvard-university-1306">Harvard University</a> Loyalty programs enable firms to offer significantly lower prices to some of their customers. You’d think this would encourage strong competition. But that isn’t always what actually happens. <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4377561">New research</a> shows that paradoxically, by changing the way companies target customers, loyalty programs can sometimes reduce price competition. The research also points to solutions. <h2>A win-win proposition?</h2> Joining a loyalty program is supposed to be a win-win. You – the customer – get to enjoy perks and discounts, while the company gains useful commercial insights and builds brand allegiance. For example, a hotel chain loyalty program might reward travellers for frequent stays, with points redeemable for future bookings, upgrades or other benefits. The hotel chain, in turn, records and analyses how you spend money and encourages you to stay with them again. Such programs are commonplace across many industries – appearing everywhere from travel and accommodation to supermarket or petrol retailing. But they are increasingly coming under scrutiny. In 2019, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/about-us/publications/customer-loyalty-schemes-final-report">cautioned</a> consumers about the sheer volume of personal data collected when participating in a loyalty program, and what companies can do with it. Hidden costs – such as having to pay a redemption fee on rewards or losing benefits when points expire – are another way these schemes can harm consumers. But a larger question – how loyalty programs impact consumers overall – remains difficult to settle, because their effect on competitiveness is unclear. As the ACCC’s <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/about-us/publications/customer-loyalty-schemes-final-report">final report</a> notes, on the one hand: "Loyalty schemes can have pro-competitive effects and intensify competition between rivals leading to competing loyalty discounts and lower prices for consumers." But on the other hand: "Loyalty schemes can also reduce the flexibility of consumers’ buying patterns and responsiveness to competing offers, which may reduce competition." <h2>How a two-speed price system can hurt everyone</h2> A new economic theory research <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4377561">working paper</a>, coauthored by one of us (Kominers), suggests that on competitive grounds alone, loyalty programs can sometimes harm all consumers – both ordinary shoppers and the program’s own members. It’s easy to see how the ordinary shopper can be worse off. Since a firm’s loyalty program enables it to offer discounted prices to its members, the firm can raise the base prices it offers to everyone else. Those not participating in the program pay more than they otherwise would have, and the firm can respond by saying “join our program!” instead of having to lower its price. But sometimes, even the program’s own members can end up worse off. When a given customer’s loyalty status is not visible to a firm’s competitors – as is the case in many loyalty programs today – it’s hard for those competitors to identify them and entice them to switch. The main way to compete for those customers becomes to lower the base price for everyone, but this means missing out on the high base margins achieved through the existence of your own loyalty program – remember, having a loyalty program means you can charge non-members more. It’s often more profitable for firms to just maintain high base prices. This, in turn, reduces overall price competition for loyal customers, so firms can raise prices for them, too. <h2>What’s the solution?</h2> Despite these effects on competition, loyalty programs still offer benefits for consumers and an opportunity for brands to form closer relationships with them. So, how do we preserve these benefits while enabling price competition? The research suggests an answer: making a customer’s loyalty status verifiable, transparent and portable across firms. This would make it possible for firms to tailor offers for their competitors’ loyal customers. This is already happening in the market for retail electricity. While there aren’t loyalty programs there per se, a consumer’s energy consumption profile, which could be used by a competitor to calibrate a personalised offer, is known only to their current electricity supplier. To address this, in 2015, the Victorian government launched a <a href="https://compare.energy.vic.gov.au">program</a> encouraging households to compare energy offers. This process involved first revealing a customer’s energy consumption profile to the market, and then asking retailers to compete via personalised offers. By opening information that might have otherwise been hidden to the broader market, this approach enabled firms to compete for each other’s top customers, in a way that could be emulated for loyalty programs. Such systems in the private sector could build upon “<a href="https://thepointsguy.com/guide/airline-status-matches-challenges/">status match</a>” policies at airlines. These allow direct transfer of loyalty status, but currently rely on a lengthy, individual-level verification process. For example, a design paradigm known as “<a href="https://hbr.org/2022/05/what-is-web3">Web3</a>” – where customer transactions and loyalty statuses are recorded on public, shared blockchain ledgers – offers a way to make loyalty transparent across the market. This would enable an enhanced, decentralised version of status match: a firm could use blockchain records to verifiably identify who its competitors’ loyal customers are, and directly incentivise them to switch. Both startups and established firms have experimented with building such systems. <h2>What next?</h2> New academic research helps us model and better understand when loyalty programs could be weakening supply side competition and undermining consumer welfare. A neat universal solution may prove elusive. But targeted government or industry interventions – centred on increasing the transparency of a customer’s loyalty status and letting them move it between firms – could help level the playing field between firms and consumers.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/220669/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alexandru-nichifor-1342216">Alexandru Nichifor</a>, Associate Professor, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Melbourne, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/scott-duke-kominers-1494057">Scott Duke Kominers</a>, Sarofim-Rock Professor of Business Administration, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/harvard-university-1306">Harvard University</a> Image credits: Getty Images This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/loyalty-programs-may-limit-competition-and-they-could-be-pushing-prices-up-for-everyone-220669">original article</a>.

Money & Banking

Westminster Dog Show waises the woof

It was a furry affair when 3,000 dogs - and their human companions - descended upon New York City’s Arthur Ashe Stadium for the 147th Westminster Dog Show, with their eyes set on one prize: the coveted title of Best in Show. The Westminster show, often dubbed the ‘Super Bowl of Dogs’ by its fans and supporters, is considered one of the world’s most prestigious dog events. With categories ranging from hound group to herding group, sporting, toy, and beyond, anything is paws-ible and the competition is fierce - and you’d be barking mad to think a win comes easy. The winner of each group advances through to the Best Show category, the final event of the entire weekend, and the prize that every pooch and partner hopes to take home. In 2022, a bloodhound named Trumpet seized victory, and put his name in the history books as the first bloodhound to win the competition. In 2023, Buddy Holly the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (PBGV) followed suit, emerging victorious as the only PBGV to have claimed the title of Best in Show. <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> The winning moment for the Best in Show Winner, Buddy Holly, Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen! 💜✨<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WestminsterDogShow?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#WestminsterDogShow</a> <a href="https://t.co/jzOVYmmtNL">pic.twitter.com/jzOVYmmtNL</a> — Westminster Dog Show (@WKCDOGS) <a href="https://twitter.com/WKCDOGS/status/1656135503291244546?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 10, 2023</a></blockquote> And it was celebration all around, with Buddy’s owner and trainer Janice Hayes telling Fox Sports that her canine companion is “the epitome of a show dog” as nothing bothers him, and that she had been dreaming of the win since she was just 9 years old. Rummie the Pekingese took out the runner-up position, earning the honour of Reserve Best in Show. Rummie also came in at the top of the pack for the Toy Group. As for how the show’s judges made their difficult selection, Ann Ingram explained, “like all things, beauty is subjective. A dog’s attitude in the ring can help. “If the dog loves itself, you can tell. He kind of has that attitude of, you know, ‘I’m a winner’.” Other winners included Cider the English Setter in the Sporting Group, Lepshi the Bracco Italiano for his breed’s debut, fan favourite Winston the French Bulldog in the Non-sporting Group, Monty the Giant Schnauzer in the Working Group, Ribbon the Aussie Shepherd in the Herding Group, and Trouble the American Staffordshire Terrier in the Terrier Group. “With breeds like Frenchies and bulldogs, where there are health concerns with the breathing, you want to see them be able to move without any signs of distress," Ingram noted. And when it came to her feelings towards the show and its many determined entrants as a whole, she added that “there’s bigger shows numerically, but the fact that you’re actually getting the absolute cream of the cream ... is quite exciting. “The whole razzmatazz of Westminster is very special.” Images: Getty

Family & Pets

Outrage halts New Zealand cat-killing contest

A contest planned for children in New Zealand to hunt and kill feral cats in an attempt to protect native species has been stopped following severe backlash from the public and animal rights groups. The event would have been part of a fundraiser organised by the North Canterbury Hunting Competition for the Rotherham School in the Canterbury region of South Island. A new junior category was announced by organisers on April 16 that would allow children to hunt feral cats and compete for a top prize of $NZ250 prize ($229AUD). The announcement sparked public outrage leading organisers to cancel the event the very next day, April 17. A statement released by organisers explained, "vile and inappropriate emails and messages had been sent to the school and others involved.” "We are incredibly disappointed in this reaction and would like to clarify that this competition is an independent community run event," the statement continued. Feral cats have long been an issue between animal lovers and authorities because of the potential threat they pose to other wild animals. Authorities say that in Australia, feral cats threaten the survival of more than 100 native species. Feral cats are responsible for killing millions of birds, frogs, mammals and reptiles every day, compelling authorities to arrange regular culls. Organisers of the contest maintained that the junior hunting tournament to kill feral cats, using a firearm or any other means, was about "protecting native birds and other vulnerable species”. "Our sponsors and school safety are our main priority, so the decision has been made to withdraw this category for this year to avoid further backlash at this time," it said. "To clarify, for all hunting categories, our hunters are required to abide by Firearms Act 1983 and future amendments as well as the Animal Welfare Act 1999.” Organisers had announced rules to discourage young participants from killing pets. Any child who brought in a microchip cat would have been disqualified, they said. The group mentioned that previously scheduled hunts for other categories like local pigs and deer would still go ahead. The New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals said it was "both pleased and relieved" that the junior cat-killing contest had been axed. "Children, as well as adults, will not be able to tell the difference between a feral, stray or a frightened domesticated cat,” it said. "There is a good chance someone's pet may be killed during this event. In addition, children often use air rifles in these sorts of event which increase the likelihood of pain and distress and can cause a prolonged death," it added. Animal rights group PETA was pleased to see the contest had been withdrawn. PETA’s Asia vice president Jason Barker released a statement, saying, ”Encouraging kids to hunt down and kill animals is a sure-fire way to raise adults who solve problems with violence ... We need to foster empathy and compassion in kids, not lead them to believe animals are 'less than' humans while rewarding them for brutality.” The contest was publicly slammed on Twitter by British comedian Ricky Gervais, who is a known animal lover with an enormous platform of 15 million followers. <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> “Right. We need some new PR ideas to make the world love New Zealand. Maybe something involving kids & kittens. Yes, Hargreaves?” <a href="https://t.co/E3nPTl1IHj">https://t.co/E3nPTl1IHj</a> — Ricky Gervais (@rickygervais) <a href="https://twitter.com/rickygervais/status/1648732952224833536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 19, 2023</a></blockquote> "Right. We need some new PR ideas to make the world love New Zealand," he wrote. "Maybe something involving kids & kittens. Yes, Hargreaves?” This is not the first official campaign against cats in New Zealand, including one that encouraged cat lovers to avoid replacing their pets when they die. "Cats are the only true sadists of the animal world, serial killers who torture without mercy,” said then Prime Minister John Key, who had his own cat named Moonbeam. Helen Blackie, a biosecurity consultant at the environmental planning and design consultancy, Boffa Miskell, has studied feral cats for over 20 years and said that numbers had risen in the last decade, and in some areas where pests were tracked by cameras, feral cats outnumbered other species like possums. "Historically, we know that feral cats were responsible for the extinction of six bird species and are leading agents of decline in populations of birds, bats, frogs and lizards," she told CNN affiliate RNZ. Image credit: Shutterstock

Family & Pets

Competitors put their best paw forward on the final day of Crufts

Over 19,000 dogs from across the globe made their way to the NEC in Birmingham for four days of competition, each hoping to go home with the Crufts Best In Show trophy tucked between their paws. Over the course of the prestigious event - which began in 1891 - the dogs undergo intense grooming sessions, demonstrate their agility, show off their obedience skill, and more. And this year, a four-year-old Orca made history, becoming the first dog of her breed to take the top honour. Orca is a lagotta romagnolo, a breed that The Kennel Club describes as being “lively and affectionate”, as well as boasting an impressive and “unique talent” for hunting truffles with their heightened sense of smell. Orca’s human handler, otherwise known as Javier Gonzalez Mendikote, had to drive for 25 hours to get the pair to the show, though it seems every minute of the trip was worth it - to both of them. Of their reception back home, Javier felt strongly that they would be pleased, stating that he was “sure we will have a huge party.” One that it seems Orca will be more than happy about - like, it seems, all things in her life - with the audience informed that she “never stops wagging” her tail. As Ante Lucin, one of Orca’s owners, put it, “she is a little superstar, but this is beyond all expectations. I was crying too much watching from the seats, it was very emotional. “Orca is everything you could ever want in a dog, she is happy and healthy.” <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> What a winner! Orca the Lagotto Romagnolo is your 2023 <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Crufts?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Crufts</a> Best in Show!🐶🏆💚 <a href="https://t.co/oVldA3oR3Y">pic.twitter.com/oVldA3oR3Y</a> — Crufts (@Crufts) <a href="https://twitter.com/Crufts/status/1635022538312138753?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 12, 2023</a></blockquote> Javier went on to stress his belief that Orca’s win is “really important” for her breed, especially as it increases in popularity across both the UK and the US. Although Orca was crowned Best In Show, her success wasn’t limited to that one award. The curly-coated canine also won in the gundog group - one of seven categories in the 2023 competition, this one evaluating dogs that were originally trained in finding live game. An honourable mention, of course, goes to the Channel 4 People’s Vote winner - an Irish wolfhound called Paris, whose owner is Chris Amoo, lead singer of The Real Thing. The show’s manager, Vanessa McAlpine, was pleased with the year’s events, declaring it to be “triumphant”. “Congratulations to Orca, who helped end this year’s competition on a real high, taking the coveted best in show award alongside her handler, Javier,” she said. “The pair were very deserving winners and it was clear to see their strong relationship together in the ring.” Images: Getty

Family & Pets

Kate Middleton flexes her competitive side against Prince William

Prince William and Kate Middleton have gone head to head in a seemingly friendly competition as the royal couple attended a spin class in South Wales. The Prince and Princess of Wales took each other on in a 45-second spin class sprint at the Aberavon Leisure and Fitness Centre in Port Talbot, with Kate leaving her husband in the metaphorical dust. Much to her surprise, the princess took out the title in the "Tour de Aberavon" and was handed a little gold cup, which she looked at proudly. Kate's win was made even more impressive as she competed while wearing a black-and-white houndstooth-print skirt, which was paired with Gianvito Rossi suede boots with a 10-centimetre heel. For the competition, Prince William was dressed in a navy suit and suede lace-up shoes for the series of engagements the couple made on the trip ahead of St David's Day – a day celebrating the nation's patron saint. The virtual race was themed to be an uphill ride through the Italian mountains, as Prince William told others in the room, "Sorry for ruining your spin class." As he climbed on the stationary bike, the royal realised his wife's shoes, pointing out, "You have got high heels on". Kate agreed, saying, "Not sure I am dressed for this." However, once on her bike the mum-of-three was seen adjusting the gears, asking as she laughed, "Can I make it harder?" Kate was visibly catching her breath at the end of the race, while Prince William gasped for air. "Talk to you in a minute," he joked to the class. The competitive dad-of-three, who has regularly been spotted cycling with his kids near their Norfolk home, had everyone laughing soon after. "I think I tore my pants!" he said. The couple visited the fitness centre to hear about how the facility was helping the local community with mental health through exercise. Image credits: Getty Images

Beauty & Style

Stunning winners of the Historic Photographer of the Year awards

The stunning winners of the 2022 Historic Photographer of the Year competition have been announced. With over 1,200 entires submitted, judges were looking for photographs that "capture the very best historic sites that the world has to offer", while showing "originality, composition and technical proficiency". The contest is run by content platform History Hit, who said, "Entries ranged from ancient structures steeped in legend, to well-known, incredibly preserved historic sites around the world." "While some photographs gave new perspectives on prestigious historic sites such as the ancient city of Petra, others highlighted surprising histories of industrialisation, abandonment and endurance." Dan Snow, Creative Director at History Hit, said, "As always, judging these awards was a highlight for me. It is clear that the stunning entries that make up the shortlist are the product of patience, technical skill, and an awareness of both the past and the present. The creativity and talent on show was next to none." The winning photographs feature extraordinary weather phenomenons in the UK, abandoned structures, historic villages in Asia, ancient cities in the Middle East, and other-worldly displays in a Spanish church. All image credits: Historic Photographer of the Year 2022

Art

Artists furious after AI-generated art wins contest

A stunning artwork generated by artificial intelligence has claimed first prize at an art competition, enraging the art world and calling into question what it means to be an artist. The work was “created” by Jason M Allen, a game designer from Colorado, who won first place in the emerging artist division's "digital arts/digitally manipulated photography" category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition. His winning image, titled Théâtre D'opéra Spatial (French for Space Opera Theatre), was made with Midjourney — an artificial intelligence system that can produce detailed images when fed written prompts by the user. "I'm fascinated by this imagery. I love it. And I think everyone should see it," Allen, 39, told CNN Business. Allen's winning image looks like a bright, surreal cross between a Renaissance and steampunk painting. As per the category Allen competed in, he told officials that Midjourney was used to create his image when he entered the contest, as the category dictated entrants use "digital technology as part of the creative or presentation process". Midjourney is one of a growing number of such AI image generators, joining the likes of Imagen and DALL-E to give the artistically-challenged the means to create stunning images. Despite the parameters of the category, many artists were angered by Allen’s win due to his reliance on technology to create the artwork. "This sucks for the exact same reason we don't let robots participate in the Olympics," one Twitter user wrote. "This is the literal definition of 'pressed a few buttons to make a digital art piece'," another Tweeted. "AI artwork is the 'banana taped to the wall' of the digital world now." Yet while Allen didn't use a paintbrush to create his winning piece, he assured people there was plenty of work involved. "It's not like you're just smashing words together and winning competitions," he said. "Rather than hating on the technology or the people behind it, we need to recognise that it's a powerful tool and use it for good so we can all move forward rather than sulking about it," Allen said. Image credits: Jason M Allen - Midjourney

Art

Stunning finalists’ images for photography competition revealed

The phenomenal images from the finalists of the prestigious Weather Photographer of the Year have been revealed. Photographers from 119 countries submitted their stunning images which range from dramatic storms, frozen and frosty vistas, spectacular sunsets, impacts of climate change and curious weather phenomena. The talented professionals and amateur photographers were able to capture spectacular landscapes which are affected differently depending on the weather. Professor Liz Bentley, Chief Executive of the Royal Meteorological Society (RMetS) said the competition is an exciting opportunity to explore never before seen moments. “I am always amazed by something new, something I haven’t seen before, or a new angle that reignites my passion for discussing the weather,” she said. “As the competition has grown over the past seven years, it has allowed us to create a platform where more stories can be told about the majesty and awe of the world’s weather and witness scenes of the impacts of climate change, which can help to prompt action.” Members of the public will be able to vote for their favourite photograph with the winners expected to be announced on October 6. Check out some of the exciting photos below. Images: RMetS

International Travel

World’s Ugliest Dog crowned

A 17-year-old dog called Mr Happy Face has been dubbed the world’s ugliest dog. The Chihuahua-Chinese crested mix has an evil scientist look to it with a long tongue hanging out and boofy white hair. The event was held on June 25, with dog owners from around the US coming together to see whether or not their pet will win the title of the world’s ugliest dog. Mr Happy Face, who was adopted by musician Jeneda Benally in August 2021, was told by the shelter that he only had a few weeks left to live due to being neglected and the tumours he had. She said that Mr Happy Face “chose her” when she found out another dog she wanted had already been adopted. “I saw a creature who was indeed old, needed a second chance and deserved to be loved,” she said. “He came from a hoarder’s house where the conditions were deplorable. He was a survivor of abuse and neglect. “When I first met him, he was the happiest creature that I had ever met. He hobbled up to me and chose me. “I vowed that day, he would be so loved that he would never remember how awful his previous life had been. “Love, kindness and mommy kisses have helped him defy the anticipated short life that we all expected him to have with our family. “I don’t feel like I have the world’s ugliest dog, I feel like I’ve got the world’s most-loved dog who is bringing happiness to everybody.” Jeneda won a total of $US1500 ($A2170) after Mr Happy Face won the competition. Image: Sonoma-Marin Fairgrounds Event Center

Family & Pets

I scream, you scream we all scream for ice-cream

Peters Ice Cream has been slapped with a massive $12 million fine after it was caught preventing competitors from selling their products at petrol stations and convenience stores. The Federal Court found that Peters, from November 2014 to December 2019, made a sketchy deal with their transport partner PFD Food Services to not sell competitor’s ice cream without prior consent. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), who prosecuted Peters in court, said the deal very clearly reduced competition and reduced options for consumers. “This is an important competition law case involving products enjoyed by many Australians,” ACCC Chair Gina Cass-Gottlieb said. “We took this action because we were concerned that Peters Ice Cream’s conduct could reduce competition in this market and impact on the choice of single-serve ice-creams available to consumers.” Other ice cream manufacturers who make Bulla, Gelativo and Pure Pops had approached PFD asking them to distribute their product. However, PFD said they were unable to distribute the ice creams due to its exclusive deal with Peters. "Peters Ice Cream admitted that if PFD had not been restricted from distributing other manufacturers' ice cream products, it was likely that one or more potential competitors would have entered or expanded in this market,” Ms Cass-Gottlieb continued. “This case is a reminder to all businesses of the serious and costly consequences of engaging in anti-competitive conduct. “The ACCC is targeting exclusive arrangements by firms with market power that impact competition as one of our compliance and enforcement priorities for 2022/23.” Peters Ice Cream was ordered to establish a compliance program for three years and pay a contribution to the ACCC’s legal costs. Image: Instagram

Money & Banking

Men are just more competitive? Science says it’s not that simple

When trying to understand America’s persistent gender wage gap, researchers have in the past decade suggested that women are less competitive than men, and are therefore passed over for higher-ranking roles. But a new study from the University of Arizona shows it’s probably not that simple; in fact, women are just as likely to enter into a competition as men – but only when there’s the option to share their winnings with the losers. The <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111943118" target="_blank">study</a>, published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was led by Mary Rigdon from the University of Arizona’s Center for the Philosophy of Freedom, in cooperation with Alessandra Cassar, a professor of economics at the University of San Francisco. Gender wage gap persists In 2021, women will earn 82 cents for every dollar earned by men, says Rigdon. This means women work nearly three months more to receive the same amount of pay as men. When these results are adjusted to cover age, experience, and level of education, women still earn about 98 cents on the male dollar – in other words, an equally qualified woman is paid 2% less than her male counterparts. Economists have considered a few possible explanations for this, Rigdon says. One theory, known as the “human capital explanation”, suggests that there are gender differences in certain skills, leading women to careers that pay less. Another theory – perhaps the most widely considered – is patent discrimination. The researchers decided to test the other prevailing theory – the competitiveness theory – because they reasoned that if women were so reluctant to compete, they would occupy fewer high-ranking positions at the top of major companies, a trend that is not represented in the growing presence of women in leadership roles. “We thought it must be the case that women are as competitive as men, but they just exhibit it differently, so we wanted to try to get at that story and demonstrate that that is the case,” Rigdon says. “Because that’s then a very different story about the gender wage gap.” Testing a troublesome theory Rigdon and Cassar randomly assigned 238 participants – split nearly evenly by gender – to two different groups for the study. Participants in each of the two groups were then assigned to four-person subgroups. For all participants, the first round of the study was the same: each was asked to look at tables of 12 three-digit numbers with two decimal places and find the two numbers that add to 10. Participants were asked to solve as many tables as possible – up to 20 – in two minutes. Each participant was paid $2 for every table they solved in the first round. In round two, participants were asked to do the same task, but the two groups were incentivized differently. In the first group, the two participants in each four-person team who solved the most tables earned $4 per table solved, while their other two team members were given nothing. In the other group, the top two performers of each four-person team also earned $4 per table, but they had the right to decide how much of the prize money to share with one of the lower performing participants. In the third round, all participants were allowed to choose which payment scheme they preferred from the two previous rounds. For half the study participants, this meant a choice between a guaranteed $2 per correct table, or potentially $4 per correct table if they became one of the top two performers in their four-person subgroup. For the other half of the participants, the choice was $2 per correct table, or $4 per correct table for the top-two performers with the option to share the winnings with one of the losing participants. The number of women who chose the competitive option nearly doubled when given the option to share their winnings; about 60% chose to compete under that option, while only about 35% chose to compete in the winner-take-all version of the tournament. About 51% of men in the study chose the winner-take-all option, and 52.5% chose the format that allowed for sharing with the losers. While the sample size is relatively small, the results deserve attention. Rigdon and Cassar have a few theories about why women might be more inclined to compete when the winnings are shared. One suggests that female participants are interested in controlling the way winnings are divvied up; another, popular among evolutionary psychologists, is that female participants may be inclined to smooth over bad feelings in a group setting. Yet the answer may lie less in biology and more in socialisation, perhaps that women are encouraged from a young age to be “nice=”: at this point, the jury’s still out. “We really have to ask what it is about this social incentive that drives women to compete,” Rigdon says. “We think it’s recognising the different costs and benefits that come from your different biological and cultural constraints. But at the end of the day, I think we still have this question.” Rigdon and Cassar are now designing a study to drive to the heart of that question. “If we’re finally going to close the gender pay gap, then we have to understand the sources of it – and also solutions and remedies for it,” Rigdon says.  <img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=171365&title=Men+are+just+more+competitive%3F+Science+says+it%E2%80%99s+not+that+simple" alt="" width="1" height="1" />  <div id="contributors"> <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/people/behaviour/are-men-more-competitive-than-women/" target="_blank">This article</a> was originally published on <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com" target="_blank">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/amalyah-hart" target="_blank">Amalyah Hart</a>. Amalyah Hart is a science journalist based in Melbourne. Image: Getty Images </div>

Relationships

Breathtaking winners of the Panoramic Photography Awards

Each year, thousands of professional and amateur photographers from around the globe submit their entries to the annual <a href="https://thepanoawards.com/2021-winners-gallery/">Epson International Pano Awards</a>. The 2021 competition saw 5,378 entries from photographers in 97 countries, all showcasing breathtaking sites from around the world. From the thousands of entries, American photographer Joshua Hermann was declared the overall winner with his eerie shot of the swamplands of Louisiana. Competition curator David Evans was thrilled with the results of the 2021 entries, after the pandemic damped last year’s competition. He said, “We thought 2020 was a challenging year, but 2021 took things to a whole new level. That said, despite the pandemic and so many other challenges the entries this year were nothing short of amazing.” “We are, yet again, overwhelmed with the level of support from entrants and sponsors, especially Epson, and we thank you all so very much and also congratulate all this year’s winners and entrants.” Check out a selection of the winners and shortlisted photographs below. All image credits: <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Louisiana Swamp - Joshua Hermann</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Three Peaks in the Italian Dolomites - Daniel Trippolt</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iceland waterfall - Simon Xu</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Golden Gate Bridge - Wei Lian</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Russian Republic of Karelia - Petr Ushanov</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Switzerland Alps - Max Rive</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Torres del Paine National Park in Chile - Piriya Wongkongkathep</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dubai skyscraper - Sebastian Tontsch</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lightning over Montana, USA - Peter Jiang</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Moonrise over Los Angeles - Elliot McGucken</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Snow in New South Wales - Ray Jennings</li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">‘The Glory of Rome’ - Jatenipat Ketpradit</li> </ol>

Travel Tips

Nine-year-old competition winner will have her art displayed in the White House

A talented nine-year-old girl has won a coveted prize with her original drawing that holds an aspirational message. Gabrielle Faisal from Detroit entered a White House student art competition with a drawing inspired by African-American history, and won against over 500 competitors. The artwork, titled Enslaved African Americans Built the White House, features two Black hands bound in shackles holding up the White House with an American flag in the background. The young artist explained the meaning behind her artwork to Fox 2 News Detroit, explaining its historical significance. “The white stripes represent the purity of the struggle,” Gabrielle said. “The blue means justice and the white stars represent the unity for all people.” The organisers of the White House History Association’s National Student Art Competition were on the lookout for creativity, depth and historical relevance from the hundred of entrants. Rashid, Gabrielle’s father, said his daughter’s choice of art came naturally as she was inspired by things she had learned about African-American culture and history. “I have a home library which is filled with books on African-American history, Blacks who were part of building the White House.” “So for her, when it came to time to do art, it was just organic for her,” he said. As well as winning first place in her age bracket, Gabrielle also won a $1,000 cash prize and a trip to Washington, D.C. Her painting will be displayed in the White House visitor centre until September 22nd. Image credits: Shutterstock/Instagram

Art

Cartel offences in Australia: The crime of anti-competitive conduct

Japanese shipping company Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd – also known as K-Line – was fined $34.5 million over cartel conduct in the Federal Court <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/k-line-convicted-of-criminal-cartel-conduct-and-fined-345-million">in August of 2019 </a>. K-Line admitted to engaging in anti-competitive conduct with other shipping companies between July 2009 and September 2012, which amounted to criminal offence under Australian law. A <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Cartel%20conduct%20how%20it%20affects%20your%20business.pdf">cartel exists</a> when two or more businesses illegally agree to work together, instead of competing. Such conduct allows those involved to control and restrict how a market operates, which in turn, drives up profit margins for the companies, whilst maintaining the illusion of competition. The cartel that K-Line was involved in had been operating since <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/k-line-convicted-of-criminal-cartel-conduct-and-fined-345-million">at least February 1997</a>. The companies involved were found to be fixing prices on the transportation of vehicles, such as cars, trucks and buses, being shipped to Australia from the US, Asia and Europe. “Cartel conduct, such as that engaged in by K-Line,” <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/k-line-convicted-of-criminal-cartel-conduct-and-fined-345-million">said</a> Australian Consumer and Competition Commission (ACCC) chair Rod Sims, “not only cheats consumers and other businesses through inflated prices and costs, but also restricts healthy economic growth and discourages innovation.” The Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP) laid the charges <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/criminal-cartel-charges-laid-against-k-line">in November 2016</a>. K-Line ultimately pleaded guilty <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/second-shipping-company-pleads-guilty-to-criminal-cartel-conduct">in April last year</a>. And on <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/k-line-convicted-of-criminal-cartel-conduct-and-fined-345-million">2 August this year</a>, the Federal Court ordered the largest ever criminal fine imposed under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (the CC Act). Federal Court proceedings K-Line was charged with <a href="https://incompetition.com.au/2019/08/heavy-fines-on-the-high-seas-for-criminal-cartel-conduct/">39 counts</a> of giving effect to a cartel provision, contrary to <a href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/s45ag.html">section 45AG</a> of the CC Act. The Japanese company subsequently agreed to plead guilty to a single merged (or ‘rolled up’) charge under the section. The maximum penalty for the offence is a fine not exceeding the greater of three options. The first is a $10 million fine. The second is the total value of the benefits gained by the conduct. And the third is 10 percent of the firm’s earnings over the 12 months prior to committing the offence. In the case of K-Line, the third option applied. This meant that the maximum penalty was $100 million. The court held that the company should be fined $48 million. However, due to its early guilty plea, a 28 percent discount was allowed, which brought the fine down to $34.5 million. Federal Court Justice Michael Wigney <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/k-line-convicted-of-criminal-cartel-conduct-and-fined-345-million">said that</a> the penalty “should send a powerful message” that “anti-competitive conduct will not be tolerated and will be dealt with harshly”, when it comes before the court. Cartel conduct The ACCC is an independent federal government authority charged with protecting consumer rights, ensuring business obligations and preventing illegal anti-competitive behaviour, which includes investigating cartel activities. The anti-competitive actions of cartels are known as cartel conduct. This includes price fixing, dividing up markets so each participant is shielded from competition, rigging bids and controlling output of or limiting the goods and services available to consumers. The commission states <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/business/anti-competitive-behaviour/cartels#report-a-cartel-apply-for-immunity">on its website</a> that cartels are not only “illegal and immoral” because they “cheat consumers”, but as well, they “restrict healthy economic growth” through outcomes, such as artificially increasing prices, reducing innovation, increasing taxes and destroying other businesses. Under its investigative powers, the ACCC can compel individuals and companies to provide information regarding any suspect behaviour, it can seek warrants from a magistrate, which can be executed at a company’s premises, and it can notify the AFP about any cartel conduct. On 15 August 2014, the ACCC and the CDPP signed a memorandum of understanding regarding cartel conduct, which sees the commission in charge of investigating serious misconduct and referring it onto to the CDPP for prosecution considerations. Further cartel offences Under the CC Act, along with section 45AG, there’s another criminal cartel offence contained in <a href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/s45af.html">section 45AF</a>, which involves a corporation making a contract or agreement that contains a cartel provision as part of it. The same penalties apply as under 45AG. <a href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/s45aj.html">Section 45AJ</a> of the CC Act makes it a civil offence for a corporation to make a contract containing a cartel provision, while <a href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/s45ak.html">section 45AK</a> makes is a civil offence for a corporation to give effect to a cartel provision. <a href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/s79.html">Section 79</a> of the CC Act provides that an individual who contravenes, or attempts to contravene, the <a href="https://nswcourts.com.au/articles/proving-criminal-charges-main-and-alternative-charges/">criminal offences</a>under sections 45AF and 45AG has committed a crime. And such a person can be sentenced to up to 10 years imprisonment or fined $420,000. The ACCC makes clear that it’s “illegal for a corporation to indemnify its officers against legal costs and any financial penalties”. The Harper reforms The K-Line conviction follows that of another corporation involved in the same cartel. On 3 August 2017, Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK) <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/nyk-convicted-of-criminal-cartel-conduct-and-fined-25-million">was convicted</a> and fined $25 million over its cartel conduct. And there are investigations continuing into other alleged cartel members. The NYK conviction marked the first successful prosecution under the new cartel criminal provisions of the CC Act, which came in as part of the <a href="https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/hottopics/harperreforms.html">2017 Harper reforms</a>. These were recommended in the <a href="http://competitionpolicyreview.gov.au/files/2015/03/Competition-policy-review-report_online.pdf">March 2015 Competition Policy Review report</a>. Two pieces of legislation were passed in parliament in late 2017, which amended the CC Act. The reforms simplified local cartel laws in ways that included narrowing jurisdictional reach, extending the provisions to apply to acquisitions of goods and services and increasing the standard of proof. Ongoing prosecutions And the third prosecution under the new laws is now underway. On 23 August, the CDPP <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/global-shipping-company-wallenius-wilhelmsen-charged-with-criminal-cartel-conduct">laid charges</a> related to alleged cartel conduct in the NSW District Registry of the Federal Court against Norwegian-based global shipping company Wallenius Wilhelmsen Ocean. The charges relate to the shipping of vehicles to Australia over the period June 2011 to July 2012. This matter has already been investigated and prosecuted in a number of other jurisdictions around the globe, including the United States. ACCC chair Sims <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/global-shipping-company-wallenius-wilhelmsen-charged-with-criminal-cartel-conduct">explained in a recent statement</a> that “this is the third prosecution involving an international shipping company engaging in alleged cartel conduct where criminal charges have been laid under the Competition and Consumer Act”. The commission declined to comment further on the case, as it is currently before the courts. And the first mention of the matter was set to be made last Thursday. Written by Paul Gregoire. Republished with permission of <a href="https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/cartel-offences-in-australia-the-crime-of-anti-competitive-conduct/">Sydney Criminal Lawyers.</a>

Cruising

Listening to music can give you an edge to win

More than just easy listening Millions of joggers habitually cope with the physical discomfort of running using the distractive effects of music, in particular by synchronising their stride rate to the tempo of the music. Swimmers now embrace the tedium of endless laps by tuning in to their favourite tracks, thanks to tiny MP3 players that clip onto goggles and deliver music through the cheekbone direct into the inner ear. For athletes to be headphone-clad has been de rigeur for many years but it now appears to be almost compulsory. After music devotee Michael Phelps swam to an all-time record of eight Olympic gold medals in 2008, one of his first tasks when arriving home was to personally thank rap artist Lil’ Wayne for the inspiration he had provided in Beijing.<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" class="license"></a> But is the ubiquitous use of music by athletes and exercisers justified or simply hype? Well, decades of research on the use of music in sport and exercise has confirmed some powerful effects and surprising benefits. Music and performance The first published <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23267224.1911.10651270#.VDuQUfmSyyc">study</a> on the subject, in 1911, showed that cyclists in a six-day race in New York produced faster lap times when a brass band was playing. Although it was impossible to separate the effects of the music from the increased crowd noise that it generated, this humble observation paved the way for the many scientific studies that have followed. A recent meta-analysis of more than 100 empirical investigations of music in sport and exercise conducted over the past century has confirmed that music produces significant beneficial effects on psychological responses, perceived exertion, physical performance, and even physiological functioning. Although it should be no surprise that music influences psychological responses, – especially our moods, emotions and feelings – the ways that athletes use music to manipulate their pre-competition mindset are occasionally surprising. Olympic rowing champion, James Cracknell, listening to the Red Hot Chili Peppers’ Get On Top to inspire him to the ultimate effort is logical enough. But what music would you recommend to an Olympic super-heavyweight boxer before his gold medal bout? Tina Turner’s Simply The Best or Survivor’s Eye Of The Tiger would be popular choices. But how about Japanese classical music? When you’re a technical boxer trying to generate the qualities of speed, lightness, precision and relaxation to outbox a brawling opponent then his choice of music starts to make sense. It certainly worked for Great Britain’s Audley Harrison, a former student of mine, at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The rhythm of exercise Music has the capacity to reduce perceived exertion by about 10% when used during physical activity, which explains the enduring popularity of exercise-to-music classes. The stimulative and motivational properties of up-tempo music, with lyrics that encourage effort (Bruce Springsteen’s Born To Run, Britney Spears’ Stronger) and associations of glory or success (M People’s Search For The Hero, Gloria Gaynor’s I Will Survive) typically help exercisers to work harder for longer by masking the objective level of effort. In turn, this produces a performance benefit that some elite performers have been able to exploit. Ethiopian superstar runner, Haile Gebrselassie, the double Olympic 10,000m gold medallist and multiple world champion, has broken several world records while running in time to the high-tempo song Scatman, the rhythm and tempo of which he describes as “<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2013/may/10/haile-gebrselassie-interview">perfect for running</a>”. A 2012 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803652">study</a> conducted with elite triathletes at the Queensland Academy of Sport showed that treadmill running to exhaustion was increased by a staggering 18% when participants ran in time to music that included everything from Oasis and UB40 to Beyoncé and Taylor Swift, compared to completing the same task without music. Such clear performance benefits have caused music to be labelled a “<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/raiseyourgame/sites/motivation/psychedup/pages/costas_karageorghis.shtml">legal drug</a>” by some commentators. Perhaps for this reason, many sports prohibit listening to music while performing. The New York Marathon famously tried to “<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/sports/01iht-run.1.8142612.html">strongly discourage</a>” competitors from using personal listening devices in 2007, ostensibly for safety reasons. The outcry and outright defiance from a large proportion of recreational runners who used their iPods regardless, caused race organisers to subsequently restrict the ban to elite runners, many of whom prefer to focus attention on sensory feedback from their own bodies rather than, as they see it, the distracting effects of music. Sing when you’re winning Of course nothing can prevent athletes from creating their own musical rhythm during a race, like six-time marathon kayak world champion, Anna Hemmings, who gained an edge by singing R. Kelly’s The World’s Greatest to herself, but only during the world championships so as not to dilute its impact. Other <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803652;%20http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828457">recent studies</a> have demonstrated greater physiological efficiency when exercising to music, notably the completion of identical workloads using significantly less oxygen consumption than without music. This indicates that music effects are far more than just a psychological phenomenon. Whether the physiological benefits are explained by greater biomechanical efficiency derived from a metronome effect, improved blood flow derived from a generalised relaxation response, or some other mechanism that is not yet well understood, there is little doubt about the wide-ranging potential benefits of listening to music. There’s no shortage of ways to use music to your advantage and many different musical genres have been shown to boost athletic performance, although preferably not something that leaves the Wallabies giggling before taking on the All Blacks in Brisbane tomorrow evening.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/32822/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/peter-terry-140674">Peter Terry</a>, Professor of Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-southern-queensland-1069">University of Southern Queensland</a> This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/want-to-win-let-music-give-you-the-edge-32822">original article</a>.

Music

AGT star stuns the world: "It's been really hard for him"

Music

Serena Williams reignites feud with Maria Sharapova

Serena Williams has hit back over false claims Maria Sharapova made about her in her book titled Unstoppable: My Life So Far, which was released last year. Williams said she was disappointed with the claims made about her, which she described as “hearsay”. Sharapova – who Williams has beaten 18 times in a row and is about to face her fierce rival ahead of their French Open clash – wrote in her recent memoir that Serena “hated” her for hearing her cry after the 2004 Wimbledon final. “I think the book was 100 per cent hearsay, at least all the stuff I read and the quotes that I read, which was a little disappointing,” Williams stated, after her third-round win at the French Open against Julia Georges. “I have cried in the locker room many times after a loss, and that’s what I have seen a lot of people do. I think it’s normal.” The tennis champ added, “It’s a Wimbledon final, you know. So, it’s just, like, I think it would be more shocking if I wasn’t in tears.” Williams said she was stunned how much she was mentioned in the Russian tennis player’s book, but also upset that she was portrayed as disliking Sharapova. “The book was a lot about me,” Williams said. “I was surprised about that, to be honest. You know, I was, like, ‘Oh, OK.’ I didn’t expect to be reading a book about me, that wasn’t necessarily true.” Playing at the French Open, her first tournament since becoming a mum to Alexis Olympia last September, Williams continued, “I don’t have any negative feelings towards her, which again, was a little disappointing to see in that hearsay book. Especially having a daughter, I feel like negativity is taught. One of the things I always say, I feel like women, especially, should bring each other up.” She added, “If anything, I feel like we should encourage each other, and the success of one female should be the inspiration to another, and I have said that 1000 times.” Sharapova, who returned to competitive tennis in April 2017 after a 15-month suspension for doping, also wrote in her book: “Serena and I should be friends; we have the same passion. But we are not. I think, to some extent, we have driven each other. Maybe that’s what it takes … Who knows? Someday, when all this is in our past, maybe we’ll become friends.”

Books

What happens to competitive people in retirement

<a href="http://www.megangiles.com/" target="_blank">Megan Giles</a>, Retirement Transition Consultant, supports those approaching retirement to successfully transition and create a retirement they will love to live! Hands up. Are you someone who thrives on the pressures and challenges of work? Is work something that has you jumping out of bed in the morning, excited to sign that next client, hit that target or solve that supposedly unsolvable problem? Regardless of the profession or industry you work in, you are driven by success in the workplace. You are highly respected by your colleagues and clients because you consistently deliver high quality work. They know that you’ll get the job done and you’re capable of making the tough decisions. You’re great at what you do, and that is a fabulous attribute to possess. Your organisation is privileged to have you. The challenge, however, is that research has found that people who are naturally competitive and assertive during their career can experience greater difficulty in adjusting to the workplace (Delmontagne, 2011)*. The very attributes that made them successful during their career are the same ones that can work against them in retirement Naturally competitive people thrive on difficult and challenging goals in the workplace and this singlemindedness often meant that they had few interests outside of work (Delmontagne, 2011). They didn’t allow space for friendships to be cultivated or hobbies to develop. As such when they do finally retire they find life quite empty. Without work as the binding force, acquaintances drift away, and without an interest to focus their energy and ideas the days seem endless. In essence, their self-worth reduces because they don’t feel that they are achieving anything important. If this sounds like you, I bet there is another fear niggling away at the back of your mind – the fear of failure. Success and being the best is a strong part of your identity and you dread being seen as someone who has ‘failed’ at retirement. At work there was always a way to ensure success - you would work harder or longer to deliver on time or stay ahead of the competition. When it comes to retirement, however, success is not a tangible outcome, there is no single objective way to say that you’ve ‘made it’ and that can be disheartening. So what you can do as someone competitive by nature to create a retirement that challenges you, connect you to others and ensures a sense of fulfilment? Consider the four 1. Plan and set yourself goals Don’t leave it until day one of retirement to start taking action. Make time now to focus on you. Create that list of things you want to do and achieve when you have more flexibility with your time (call it a bucket list if you will) and then attach goals to those items. For example, if you’d like to take up cycling why not sign up for a road race and then start training for it. Take it a step further, set a time you’d like to achieve. Or perhaps there’s a book to write - the one that people have been telling you for 10+ years you should write. What is a reasonable timeframe to have a first draft completed in? Importantly, consider both what you enjoy and what brings you a sense of and purpose, and involve your significant other in the planning process. Retirement provides a wonderful opportunity to spend more time with your loved ones so ensure that your plans are aligned and that you’re clear on what you do together and what you do independently in retirement. 2. Establish a hobby or interest before you retire Life is busy and work can be all consuming, but make time to develop an interest outside of work before you retire. Not only will this help to create a sense of continuity when work no longer fills your waking hours but will ensure you have an established network of people to spend time with and to draw on for support if you need it. Typical retirement activities such as golf, fishing and art classes may not appeal to you so think outside the box in terms of how you may like to spend your time. It might be mentoring young professionals in your sector, contributing your accounting, marketing or governance expertise to a not-for profit board, or training to summit the highest peaks around the world. 3. Consider a step-down approach Rather than go ‘cold turkey’ and launch straight from full-time work to retirement, explore the options available to reduce the number of days you work per week. Is it possible to work only two or three days per week and balance the structure of work with time to focus on developing new interests and establish a social network outside of your job? 4. Reconnect with friends. Make that call. Who is that one friend that you have been meaning to catch-up with for ages? What can you do to connect with them today? You don’t need to suddenly spend all of your time together, but it is refreshing to reminisce about old times and then know that you can count on them when you need them. Set yourself up for success in retirement by recognising the challenges you are likely to encounter and take action now to prevent them from arising. *Delmontagne, R. (2011). The Retiring Mind: How to Make the Psychological Transition into Retirement. Synergy Books: Austin, Texas.

Retirement Life

Grandmas strut their stuff in China’s senior swimsuit competition

Meet the 2017 Grandbikini contestants. They’ve got bodies that would cause envy in women decades younger, and definitely know how to rock a bikini. Recently, at a water park in Tianjin, China, more than 400 women over the age of 55 donned their best togs and strut their stuff during the fun-filled, colourful day. Organised by the Hetong Elderly Welfare Association, the contest (which is now in its third year) aims to empower older people and promote positive attitudes towards ageing and body image. The oldest participant was 78-year-old cancer survivor Ma Jing (pictured), who told Reuters she was “very honoured” to be able to compete. “If I can take part in a bikini contest at this age, for me it means I’m mentally happy and healthy.” It wasn’t all about bikinis, however. Contestants were welcome to come as covered-up as they wanted, with some donning traditional dresses, gowns and suits for the eveningwear portion of the competition. Take a look at all the incredible photos from the event in the gallery above – trust us, they’ll make your day! Image credit: Damir Sagolj/Reuters.

Beauty & Style

Husbands fight for glory in the wife carrying world championships

Grab your wife and get ready for Finland’s craziest festival. What is it? Pretty much what it sounds like – a kooky race in Finland where men carry their wives over a tough 250-metre course. It has its roots in an historic practice of neighbouring villages raiding each other and capturing womenfolk, but it’s evolved into a lighthearted physical contest. The first competition was held in 1992 and is now held annually on the first Saturday in July in the market square of the town of Sonkajärvi in eastern Finland. The course is made up of sand, gravel, grass, obstacles and a section of water one-metre deep. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/p7IM9f16QZ4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> How do they carry them? Men can carry their wife however they like, but the most popular positions are the traditional piggyback, the fireman carry, the cross shoulder carry and the ‘Estonian position’. The Estonian involves the wife hanging upside down over her husband’s back with her legs out in front over his shoulders. It was named after the Estonian competitors who introduced it in the late 1990s and used it to win 11 consecutive titles. The only rules state that the wife must be aged over 17, must weigh at least 49 kilos and if she is dropped the team will incur a 15 second time penalty. What do they win? The winning couple will receive the wife’s weight in beer along with some wife-carrying related prizes. There are awards for best dressed couple, strongest husband and most entertaining couple. People can also compete in a 100-metre relay race in groups of four. Each man must carry the ‘baton’ (wife) for a 100-metre sprint, then down a special wife-carrying drink and hand off the baton to the next runner. How can I attend? If you’re really keen (and fairly fit) you can enter the race yourself. Entry fee is €50 and you’ll need to register at least one hour before the event starts. If you arrive early, you can practice on the course before the big event. Or if you’d prefer to watch, tickets range from around €18-28 for entry to the festival including concerts, food, games and, of course, the main event. Have you ever been to this event? Hero image credit: Twitter / ReasonsSuomi

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Loyalty programs may limit competition, and they could be pushing prices up for everyone

Westminster Dog Show waises the woof

Outrage halts New Zealand cat-killing contest

Competitors put their best paw forward on the final day of Crufts

Kate Middleton flexes her competitive side against Prince William

Stunning winners of the Historic Photographer of the Year awards

Artists furious after AI-generated art wins contest

Stunning finalists’ images for photography competition revealed

World’s Ugliest Dog crowned

I scream, you scream we all scream for ice-cream

Men are just more competitive? Science says it’s not that simple

Breathtaking winners of the Panoramic Photography Awards

Nine-year-old competition winner will have her art displayed in the White House

Cartel offences in Australia: The crime of anti-competitive conduct

Listening to music can give you an edge to win

AGT star stuns the world: "It's been really hard for him"

Serena Williams reignites feud with Maria Sharapova

What happens to competitive people in retirement

Grandmas strut their stuff in China’s senior swimsuit competition

Husbands fight for glory in the wife carrying world championships

News

Shop

Catalogues

Travel

Health

Lifestyle

Finance

Entertainment

Property

Information

Keep up to date

Search

Loyalty programs may limit competition, and they could be pushing prices up for everyone

Westminster Dog Show waises the woof

Outrage halts New Zealand cat-killing contest

Competitors put their best paw forward on the final day of Crufts

Kate Middleton flexes her competitive side against Prince William

Stunning winners of the Historic Photographer of the Year awards

Artists furious after AI-generated art wins contest

Stunning finalists’ images for photography competition revealed

World’s Ugliest Dog crowned

I scream, you scream we all scream for ice-cream

Men are just more competitive? Science says it’s not that simple

Breathtaking winners of the Panoramic Photography Awards

Nine-year-old competition winner will have her art displayed in the White House

Cartel offences in Australia: The crime of anti-competitive conduct

Listening to music can give you an edge to win

AGT star stuns the world: "It's been really hard for him"

Serena Williams reignites feud with Maria Sharapova

What happens to competitive people in retirement

Grandmas strut their stuff in China’s senior swimsuit competition

Husbands fight for glory in the wife carrying world championships

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