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How mistaken identity can lead to wrongful convictions

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hayley-cullen-423538">Hayley Cullen</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a></em></p> <p>In March 1976, American Leonard Mack was convicted of sexual assault and holding two female victims at gunpoint. In September 2023, Mack’s wrongful conviction was finally overturned by a New York judge on his 72nd birthday with the help of the <a href="https://innocenceproject.org/news/hit-in-dna-database-proves-leonard-macks-innocence-after-47-years-of-wrongful-conviction/">Innocence Project</a>, an organisation that uses DNA evidence to prove factual innocence.</p> <p>Mack’s conviction took 47 years to overturn. He served seven-and-a-half of these years in a New York prison. His case is the <a href="https://innocenceproject.org/news/8-moving-moments-from-leonard-macks-historic-exoneration-after-47-years/">longest</a> in United States history to be overturned using DNA evidence.</p> <p>In June 2023, a similar historic moment occurred in Australia. Kathleen Folbigg was <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jun/05/kathleen-folbigg-pardoned-after-20-years-in-jail-over-deaths-of-her-four-children">pardoned and released</a> after 20 years in prison for the murder and manslaughter of her four young children.</p> <p>Considered one of the <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/folbigg-release-would-make-chamberlain-case-pale-into-insignificance-20230307-p5cpya.html">worst miscarriages of justice</a> in Australian history, Folbigg’s release has sparked discussion over whether Australia needs a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jun/12/not-a-rare-case-kathleen-folbigg-pardon-sparks-calls-for-new-body-to-review-possible-wrongful-convictions">formalised body</a> to deal with post-conviction appeals.</p> <p>Mack and Folbigg are only two individuals on different sides of the world who have spent decades fighting to prove their innocence.</p> <p>Many others are still fighting. The prevalence of wrongful convictions is hard to determine. The <a href="https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx">National Registry of Exonerations</a> in the United States has recorded 3,396 exonerations nation-wide since 1989.</p> <p>But data on official exonerations fail to capture the many individuals whose convictions are yet to be overturned.</p> <p>Estimates of the prevalence of wrongful convictions in the United States range from <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/08874034221106747?casa_token=DL_gPkxNcI8AAAAA:uI-en9junmLXXScDGthXAuC9JcLsxp5OF1J4QB1WdA2L2cZRcwRuwtxVmIMiKYbYaSDj_ji4EdPSLA">0.5 to 5%</a>. The exact prevalence in Australia is less clear but we do know <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.801706351305383?casa_token=cpZBfZmh944AAAAA%3Ax_zYUlnogLjuDWl81jc38vmeOovzw44M171rP7G3ibNnU35rvWS0yeIO_Ad0eBa54nE54KxaKzIb3w4">71 cases of wrongful convictions</a> have been identified in Australia between 1922 to 2015.</p> <p>Some have argued there could be <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.308199161216493">350 convictions per year</a> of individuals who are factually innocent in Australia.</p> <p>A witness mistakenly identifying an innocent suspect is common in many wrongful conviction cases.</p> <p>Eyewitness misidentification is the leading contributing factor in wrongful convictions overturned by the <a href="https://innocenceproject.org/exonerations-data/">Innocence Project</a>, present in 64% of their successful cases.</p> <p>In Australia, <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.801706351305383?casa_token=cpZBfZmh944AAAAA%3Ax_zYUlnogLjuDWl81jc38vmeOovzw44M171rP7G3ibNnU35rvWS0yeIO_Ad0eBa54nE54KxaKzIb3w4">6%</a> of recorded wrongful convictions involved an eyewitness error.</p> <p>This may be an underestimate given many applications to innocence initiatives in Australia alleging wrongful conviction, such as the <a href="https://bohii.net/">Bridge of Hope Innocence Initiative</a>, report <a href="https://bohii.net/blog/positiononestablishingccrcas">eyewitness evidence</a> as a potential contributing factor.</p> <p>In Mack’s case, two victims misidentified him as the perpetrator. These identifications proved to be instrumental in his wrongful conviction. How did the two victims get it wrong?</p> <h2>How problematic procedures influence eyewitnesses</h2> <p>Eyewitness identification evidence relies on witnesses to accurately remember criminal perpetrators. Several factors affect eyewitness memory accuracy. Features of the crime can impact memory, such as whether it was light or dark, or whether the perpetrator wore a disguise.</p> <p>Memory can also be affected by characteristics of the witness at the time of the crime, such as their stress or intoxication levels.</p> <p>These factors are present at the time of the crime and cannot be changed. What is perhaps more crucial is that eyewitness memory can also be affected by the procedures law enforcement use to collect identification evidence.</p> <p>In <a href="https://innocenceproject.org/news/hit-in-dna-database-proves-leonard-macks-innocence-after-47-years-of-wrongful-conviction/">Mack’s case</a>, there were serious problems with the procedures used to get the identifications from the victims. One of the victims made three separate identifications of Mack. Witnesses should only complete one identification procedure for each suspect, because the first identification will bias future identification attempts.</p> <p>For two of the identifications the victim made, she was only shown Mack by himself surrounded by police. Showing a lone suspect without any other lineup members may <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-29406-3_2">increase mistaken identifications</a>, particularly when the context in which they are shown is highly suggestive.</p> <p>Seeing Mack in handcuffs and in the presence of police may have led the victim to identify him. Mack was the only person shown to the witness in these identification attempts, so the police officers organising the process knew he was the suspect.</p> <p>“Single-blind” administration of identification procedures – where the police officers organising the lineup know who the suspect is – increase the likelihood of <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-49224-002">mistaken identifications</a>.</p> <p>For the other identification this victim made, she picked Mack out of a photo lineup containing seven images. Mack’s photo was the only photo in the lineup that contained visible clothing and the year (1975) in the background. All members of a lineup must be matched and no one lineup member <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/lhb-lhb0000359.pdf">should stand out</a>, but Mack’s photo was distinct.</p> <p>With all these problematic practices combined, we can see how Mack was misidentified and convicted.</p> <p>In 2020, a team of eyewitness experts published <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/lhb-lhb0000359.pdf">nine evidence-based recommendations </a>for conducting identification procedures.</p> <p>These recommendations serve to reduce mistaken identifications and enhance accurate ones.</p> <p>The recommendations address the problematic practices in Mack’s case, but also include things like making sure there is sufficient evidence to place a suspect in a lineup, and giving appropriate instructions to witnesses during the procedure.</p> <p>Identification procedures should also be video recorded to identify any poor practices.</p> <p>While these recommendations will go a long way to reducing wrongful convictions resulting from faulty eyewitness identifications, they will only be effective if followed by police.</p> <p>The next step is ensuring these recommendations are embedded into everyday policing practice.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/214844/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hayley-cullen-423538"><em>Hayley Cullen</em></a><em>, Lecturer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-mistaken-identity-can-lead-to-wrongful-convictions-214844">original article</a>.</em></p>

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Counting the wrong sheep: why trouble sleeping is about more than just individual lifestyles and habits

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mary-breheny-1269716">Mary Breheny</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/te-herenga-waka-victoria-university-of-wellington-1200">Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rosie-gibson-1051224">Rosie Gibson</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/massey-university-806">Massey University</a></em></p> <p>Sleep may seem straightforward – everyone does it, after all. But as many of us know, getting enough sleep is not necessarily a simple task, despite what you might read in the media.</p> <p>How to sleep “properly” is a favourite topic of self-help articles, with <a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/health/expert-advice-good-nights-sleep-27900333">headlines</a> such as “Expert advice to get a good night’s sleep whatever your age” promising the answer to your nocturnal awakenings.</p> <p>Older people are commonly the audience of these messages. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad058">Our analysis</a> of articles published in the New Zealand media between 2018 and 2021 found sleep is presented as inevitably declining with age.</p> <p>At the same time, sleep is portrayed as a cure for everything: a good night’s sleep is depicted as a way to maintain productivity, ward off illness and dementia, and ultimately live longer.</p> <p>But most of these articles are aimed at the individual and what they can do to improve their sleep. Often missing is any reference to the external factors that can contribute to poor sleep.</p> <h2>Personal choice and sleep</h2> <p>A key message in many of the articles we examined is that sleep is a simple matter of making the right choices. So, if you’re not getting enough sleep it’s probably your own fault.</p> <p>People are lectured about poor “<a href="https://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/%7E/media/CCI/Mental-Health-Professionals/Sleep/Sleep---Information-Sheets/Sleep-Information-Sheet---04---Sleep-Hygiene.pdf">sleep hygiene</a>” – staying up too late looking at their phone, having too many cups of coffee, or not getting enough exercise during the day.</p> <p>And it’s true, drinking too much caffeine or staring at a screen into the small hours might interfere with sleep. It’s also true that good sleep is important for good health.</p> <p>But things are a bit more complicated than this. As anyone who has struggled to maintain good sleep knows, simple tips don’t always overcome the complex situations that contribute to these struggles.</p> <h2>Awake to other factors</h2> <p>Good sleep is not just a matter of “making the right choices”. Internationally, there’s a growing body of research showing sleep is affected by much more than individual behaviour: it’s often shaped by a person’s <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094412">social and economic circumstances</a>.</p> <p>New Zealand research is adding to this pool of knowledge. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235272181600019X?via=ihub">One study</a>, based on survey results from just over 4,000 people, found insufficient sleep was more common among Māori than non-Māori, partly due to higher rates of night work.</p> <p>International <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524484/">research</a> has also found women are more likely to experience insomnia due to their caregiving roles.</p> <p>One US study found unpaid caregivers for children or parents (or both) reported shorter sleep quantity and poorer sleep quality than paid caregivers or people without such roles. A <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1471301220915071">survey</a> of 526 carers in New Zealand showed two-thirds reported mild or severe sleep disturbance.</p> <p>We also know lack of sleep is <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/chronic_disease.html">linked to serious disease</a>, including diabetes and heart disease. Sleep duration and quality have been identified as predictors of levels of haemoglobin A1c, an important marker of blood sugar control.</p> <p>And hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease and irregular heartbeats have been found to be more common among those with disordered sleep than those without sleep abnormalities.</p> <p>Failure to acknowledge the social context of poor sleep means sleep messages in the media ignore the fundamental causes in favour of the illusion of a quick fix.</p> <h2>The commodification of sleep</h2> <p>Sleep is also increasingly characterised as a commodity, with a growing market for products – such as sleep trackers – that claim to help improve sleep quality.</p> <p>Sleep trackers promise to measure and enhance sleep performance. However, their reliability may be limited – <a href="https://mhealth.jmir.org/2021/6/e26462">one study found</a> the tested tracker did not accurately detect sleep, particularly in older adults who had greater levels of nighttime movement.</p> <p>Framing public health problems as matters of personal choice is common. Alcohol and fast-food consumption, for example, are regularly presented as <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1745691619896252">matters of individual responsibility</a> and poor personal choices. The <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hpja.737">role of marketing</a> and access to healthy food gets a lot less attention.</p> <p>Of course, simple tips for getting good sleep may be useful for some people. But ignoring the underlying social and economic factors that shape the possibilities for good sleep will not address the problem.</p> <p>Health promotion messages that focus on individual behaviour miss <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.12112">the structural barriers to better health</a>, including poverty, low levels of education, high rates of incarceration, substandard or crowded housing and racism.</p> <p>We need to move beyond messages of individual behaviour change and start talking about inequities that contribute to the problem of who gets a decent night’s sleep and who doesn’t.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210695/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mary-breheny-1269716">Mary Breheny</a>, Associate Professor of Health Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/te-herenga-waka-victoria-university-of-wellington-1200">Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rosie-gibson-1051224">Rosie Gibson</a>, Senior lecturer, School of Psychology, Massey University, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/massey-university-806">Massey University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/counting-the-wrong-sheep-why-trouble-sleeping-is-about-more-than-just-individual-lifestyles-and-habits-210695">original article</a>.</em></p>

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Is the Barbie movie a bold step to reinvent and fix past wrongs or a clever ploy to tap a new market?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lauren-gurrieri-5402">Lauren Gurrieri</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></em></p> <p>After a months-long marketing blitz, the much-hyped Barbie movie is released this week.</p> <p>From a <a href="https://news.airbnb.com/barbies-malibu-dreamhouse-is-back-on-airbnb-but-this-time-kens-hosting/">Malibu Barbie dreamhouse</a> listed on AirBnB, an AI tool that <a href="https://www.barbieselfie.ai/au/">transforms selfies into Barbie movie posters</a> and multiple Barbie-themed brand collaborations ranging from nail polish to roller skates, Barbie is everywhere.</p> <p>She has even gone viral as a fashion trend known as <a href="https://www.elle.com.au/fashion/barbiecore-27286">Barbiecore</a>, exploding across social media with people embracing vibrant pink hues and hyper feminine aesthetics. A Barbie world is upon us.</p> <p>Although some have criticised this <a href="https://twitter.com/MosheIsaacian/status/1673415496929267712">saturation</a> strategy, it is a very deliberate marketing ploy to revitalise and redefine a brand with a contested position and history.</p> <p>As well as attracting adults who grew up with Barbie and are curious to see what’s changed, the reinvention is drawing in those younger fans swept up by the tsunami of marketing and merchandise.</p> <p>Despite being one of the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/brandspark-most-trusted-brands-america-2022">most trusted brands</a> with a value of approximately <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1009126/barbie-brand-value-worldwide/">$US700 million</a>, Barbie has long attracted feminist criticism for fuelling outdated and problematic “plastic fantastic” sexist stereotypes and expectations.</p> <h2>The Barbie backlash</h2> <p>Only a few years back, Barbie was a brand in crisis. <a href="https://time.com/3667580/mattel-barbie-earnings-plus-size-body-image/">Sales plummeted</a> across 2011 to 2015 against the cultural backdrop of a rise in body positivity and backlash against a doll that represented narrow ideals and an impossible beauty standard.</p> <p>After all, at life-size Barbie represents a body shape held by <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01544300#page-1">less than 1 in 100,000</a> real people. In fact, she is so <a href="https://rehabs.com/explore/dying-to-be-barbie/#.UWs-5aKyB8F">anatomically impossible</a> that, if she were real, she would be unable to lift her head, store a full liver or intestines, or <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/305/6868/1575">menstruate</a>.</p> <p>The backlash has also been in response to growing concerns about how she influences child development, particularly how and what children learn about gender. Barbie has been identified as a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144521000243#!">risk factor</a> for thin-ideal internalisation and body dissatisfaction for young girls, encouraging <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S174014451630208X">motivation for a thinner shape</a> that damages body image and self esteem.</p> <p>And despite the multiple careers Barbie has held over the decades, research highlights that girls who play with Barbie believe they have <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-014-0347-y">fewer career options than boys</a>. This speaks to the power of toys to reinforce gender stereotypes, roles and expectations, and how Barbie has imported narrow ideals of femininity, girlhood and womanhood into young girls’ lives.</p> <h2>Reinventing a long-established icon</h2> <p>In response to this backlash, Mattel launched a new range of Barbies in 2016 that were promoted as <a href="https://shop.mattel.com/collections/fashion-dolls#filter.ss_filter_tags_subtype=Fashionistas">diverse</a>, representing different body shapes, sizes, hair types and skin tones. This was not without criticism, with “curvy” Barbie still considered thin and dolls named in ways that drew attention foremost to their bodies.</p> <p>From a white, well-dressed, middle-class, girl-next-door with friends of a similar ilk, Barbie has since been marketed as a symbol of diversity and inclusion. To signify the extent of the transformation, Mattel’s executives gave this project the code name “Project Dawn”.</p> <p>Mattel - like many other brands joining the <a href="https://theconversation.com/victorias-secret-joins-the-inclusive-revolution-finally-realizing-diversity-sells-163955">“inclusivity revolution”</a> - knew that diversity sells, and they needed to make their brand relevant for contemporary consumers.</p> <p>Diversity initiatives included a line of <a href="https://shop.mattel.com/pages/barbie-role-models">female role model dolls</a>, promoted as “introducing girls to remarkable women’s stories to show them you can be anything”.</p> <p>Barbie was also given a voice in the form of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5BsRl9zFaeSKIL4XD-pdGHGbJRvkfe8S">Barbie Vlogs</a>, where she expressed her views on issues including depression and the <a href="https://www.bustle.com/p/barbies-vlog-about-the-sorry-reflex-is-the-feminist-pep-talk-all-90s-babies-need-to-hear-9852366">sorry reflex</a>. A gender neutral collection called “creatable world” was added in 2019 to open up gender expression possibilities when playing with Barbies.</p> <p>Such efforts were crucial to undoing missteps of the past, such as a “Teen Talk Barbie” that was programmed to say “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSL2-rbE9AM">Math class is tough!</a>”, or the compulsory heterosexuality that Barbie has long advanced.</p> <h2>The latest step in Barbie’s transformation</h2> <p>Barbie the film is simply the next step in an evolution to make brand Barbie inclusive. And with a rumoured film budget of $100 million, the supporting marketing machine provides a critical opportunity to reset the Barbie narrative.</p> <p>With Greta Gerwig, acclaimed director of female-led stories such as Little Women and Lady Bird at the helm, and a diverse cast of Barbies of different races, body types, gender identities and sexual preferences, the film and its creators have sought to assure audiences of the film’s feminist leanings.</p> <p>Addressing the complicated history of Barbie is crucial for audiences who grew up and played with the doll and are grappling with introducing her to the next generation of doll consumers.</p> <p>Yet, Robbie Brenner, executive producer of Mattel Films, has explicitly stated that Gerwig’s Barbie is “not a feminist movie”. Indeed, the main character still represents a narrow beauty standard - tall, thin, blonde, white - with diverse characters in place to support her narrative.</p> <p>Which begs the question: are these inclusion initiatives simply emblematic of diversity washing, where the language and symbolism of social justice are hijacked for corporate profit? Or do they represent a genuine effort to redress the chequered history of a brand that promotes poor body image, unrealistic ideals and rampant materialism?</p> <p>What is clear is that in today’s climate where brands are increasingly rewarded for taking a stand on sociopolitical issues, brand Barbie’s attempts to reposition as inclusive have paid off: sales are now booming.</p> <p>Seemingly, Barbie’s famous tagline that “anything is possible” has shown itself to be true.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209394/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lauren-gurrieri-5402">Lauren Gurrieri</a>, Associate Professor in Marketing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/is-the-barbie-movie-a-bold-step-to-reinvent-and-fix-past-wrongs-or-a-clever-ploy-to-tap-a-new-market-209394">original article</a>.</em></p>

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What is ‘reverse racism’ – and what’s wrong with the term?

<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mario-peucker-192086">Mario Peucker</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em></p> <p>“Reverse racism” is sometimes used to describe situations where white people believe they are negatively stereotyped or discriminated against because of their whiteness – or treated less favourably than people of colour.</p> <p>“Reverse racism” claims have surfaced in the current debate around the <a href="https://theconversation.com/10-questions-about-the-voice-to-parliament-answered-by-the-experts-207014">Voice to Parliament</a> referendum. “The concept looks racist to me,” <a href="https://www.skynews.com.au/opinion/building-a-voice-to-parliament-into-our-constitution-would-divide-us-along-racial-lines-and-do-nothing-to-change-the-past/news-story/794a86f16d664e6a4ebfbed589b27a01">wrote Sky News commentator Kel Richards</a> last August.</p> <p>Such views misrepresent the Voice as preferential treatment of First Nations peoples, falsely suggesting it would somehow weaken the political say of non-Indigenous Australians.</p> <p>Complaints of reverse racism can be found in the community more generally, too. “I think average, working-class, white Australian males have it the hardest out of anyone in society,” said one 23-year-old man in a <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-995X/3/1/19">2023 study</a> of Australian men, “we are the victims of reverse racism”.</p> <p>“Reverse racism” is an idea that focuses on prejudiced attitudes towards a certain (racialised) group, or unequal personal treatment – namely, discrimination. But it ignores one of racism’s central markers: power.</p> <p>“Prejudice plus (institutional) power” is the widely accepted basic definition of racism. Or, as <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-07453-002">two researchers defined it</a> in 1988: “Racism equals power plus prejudice.”</p> <p>In a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/jun/04/aamer-rahman-reverse-racism-comedy-tour">famous 2013 sketch</a>, comedian Ahmer Rahman said, yes, reverse racism is possible … if you go back in a time machine and convince the leaders of Africa, Asia and the Middle East to invade and dominate Europe hundreds of years ago, leading to systemic inequality across every facet of social and economic life, “so all their descendants would want to migrate [to] where black and brown people come from”.</p> <p>Put simply, the concept of “reverse racism” – or “anti-white racism” – just doesn’t work, because racism is more than just prejudice.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dw_mRaIHb-M?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><figcaption><span class="caption">Comedian Ahmer Rahman unpacks ‘reverse racism’, and why making it real would need a time machine.</span></figcaption></figure> <h2>Why ‘reverse racism’ is a myth</h2> <p>Prejudice and discrimination are inherently tied to historically rooted and entrenched, institutionalised forms of systemic racism and racial hierarchies, injustices and power imbalance.</p> <p>The continuing lack of diverse representation in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jul/25/the-47th-parliament-is-the-most-diverse-ever-but-still-doesnt-reflect-australia">political</a>, social and economic positions of influence is just one of many indicators that we’re still a long way from living in a post-racial society.</p> <p>White people may be called a derogatory name with a reference to their whiteness. They may be discriminated against: for example, by an ethnic business owner who prefers to employ someone from their community background.</p> <p>This may sometimes be unlawful. At other times, it may be a lawful form of “positive action” or “affirmative action”, aimed at reducing historically entrenched, intergenerational and systemic inequalities.</p> <p>But in all these instances – and regardless of whether it’s lawful or not – the term racism, or “reverse racism”, would not apply.</p> <h2>How common are reverse racism claims?</h2> <p>A representative US survey, conducted by PEW in <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/">2019</a>, found that around 12% of respondents believed “being white hurts people’s ability to get ahead in the country nowadays”. Among white Republicans, the proportion was 22%. It was only 3% among white Democrats.</p> <p>A more recent US survey, in <a href="https://theconversation.com/poll-reveals-white-americans-see-an-increase-in-discrimination-against-other-white-people-and-less-against-other-racial-groups-185278">2022</a>, concluded that 30% of white respondents saw “a lot more discrimination against white Americans”.</p> <p>Representative data on these issues is lacking in Australia. But there is evidence a significant minority of Australians seem convinced anti-white racism is a thing.</p> <p>A 2018 <a href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/128799/4/Reverse%20racism%20and%20white%20victimhood%20in%20Australia%20JIS%20March%202018%20clean.pdf">Australian survey</a> found that around 10% of respondents who stated they had witnessed racism as bystanders said the victim of the allegedly “racist” incident was a white person.</p> <p>Another recent (non-representative) <a href="https://periscopekasaustralia.com.au/papers/volume-10-2-2023/demarcating-australias-far-right-political-fringe-but-social-mainstream/">survey</a> of 335 Australian men in 2021 showed that one in three respondents agreed with the statement: “white people are the victims these days”.</p> <p>Australian senator <a href="https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661">Pauline Hanson</a> has been complaining about “reverse racism” since her maiden speech to parliament in 1996, when she described “the privileges Aboriginals enjoy over other Australians”. <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/pauline-hansons-1996-maiden-speech-to-parliament-full-transcript-20160915-grgjv3.html">She said</a>: "We now have a situation where a type of reverse racism is applied to mainstream Australians by those who promote political correctness […]"</p> <p>Gamilaraay man <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2020/mar/12/its-time-to-put-an-end-to-the-gaslighting-that-occurs-every-day-in-australia">Joshua Waters says</a> most First Nations Australians have heard this kind of sentiment, and statements like: “Uh, I’m not racist. You’re racist for calling me racist. Actually, that’s reverse racism!”</p> <p>But as he has argued, “To be called racist for identifying actual racist behaviours and rhetoric is not OK.”</p> <h2>Backlash against racial justice</h2> <p>“Reverse racism” sometimes reflects a naïve but profound lack of racial literacy. But more often, it’s a defensive backlash against societal reckoning with racial injustices, both past and present.</p> <p>And it’s often an expression of “<a href="https://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/viewFile/249/116">white fragility</a>” in the face of an <a href="https://scanloninstitute.org.au/mapping-social-cohesion-2022">increasing awareness</a> of racism in Australia – as epitomised by Hanson’s political career.</p> <p>“Reverse racism” claims are often strategically adopted by right-wing populist political actors and far-right fringe movements, to garner support and recruit new sympathisers and members. This can manifest in political stunts such as the infamous “<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/15/australia/pauline-hanson-white-australia-intl/index.html">ok to be white</a>” motion Hanson put to the Australian Senate in 2018, which claimed to condemn alleged “anti-white racism”.</p> <p>The phrase “it’s OK to be white” had <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-17/origins-of-its-ok-to-be-white-slogan-supremacists-united-states/10385716">previously been used</a> by white supremacists in the US.</p> <p>Anti-white racism claims have also been expressed in more explicit, aggressive and extreme ways: as threats of “<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-believers-in-white-genocide-are-spreading-their-hate-filled-message-in-australia-106605">white genocide</a>”, a core neo-Nazi belief.</p> <p>In far-right extremist movements, in Australia and globally, these conspiratorial narratives are commonly used to mobilise – and in some cases, have become crucial drivers for – white supremacy terror attacks, like the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, which killed 51 people and injured 49.</p> <p>“Reverse racism” is a skewed, reductionist and ultimately inaccurate understanding of racism.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/208009/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mario-peucker-192086">Mario Peucker</a>, Associate Professor and Principal Research Fellow, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-reverse-racism-and-whats-wrong-with-the-term-208009">original article</a>.</em></p>

Caring

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Missing Titanic sub: what are submersibles, how do they communicate, and what may have gone wrong?

<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stefan-b-williams-1448728">Stefan B. Williams</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p> <p>An extensive <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872">search and rescue operation</a> is underway to locate a commercial submersible that went missing during a dive to the Titanic shipwreck.</p> <p>According to the US Coast Guard, contact with the submersible was lost about one hour and 45 minutes into the dive, with five people onboard. The vessel was <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/world/titanic-submersible-search-oceangate-expeditions-vessel-missing-as-us-coast-guard-launches-search/9d7352d8-6a6d-4dc1-afac-ce07dc63cea3">reported overdue</a> at 9.13pm local time on Sunday (12.13pm AEST, Monday).</p> <p>The expedition was being run by US company OceanGate as part of an eight-day trip with guests paying US$250,000 per head to visit the wreck site. As of <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-19-23/h_c2b5400daf8538d8717f50c619d762ac">Monday afternoon</a> (Tuesday morning in Australia), US Coast Guard Rear Admiral John Mauger said the watercraft likely had somewhere between 70 and the full 96 hours of oxygen available to the passengers.</p> <p>The Titanic’s wreck sits some 3,800 metres deep in the Atlantic, about 700km south of St John’s, Newfoundland. Finding an underwater vehicle the size of a small bus in this vast and remote expanse of ocean will be no small feat. Here’s what the search and rescue teams are up against.</p> <h2>OceanGate’s Titan submersible goes missing</h2> <p>Submersibles are manned watercraft that move in a similar fashion to submarines, but within a much more limited range. They’re often used for research and exploration purposes, including to search for shipwrecks and to document underwater environments. Unlike submarines, they usually have a viewport to allow passengers look outside, and outside cameras that provide a broader view around the submersible.</p> <p>The missing submersible in question is an OceanGate <a href="https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html">Titan</a> watercraft, which can take five people to depths of up to 4,000m. The Titan is about 22 feet (6.7m) in length, with speeds of about 3 knots (or 5.5km per hour). Although submersibles are often connected to a surface vessel by a tether, video and photos suggest the Titan was likely operating independently of the surface ship.</p> <p>According to OceanGate’s website, the Titan is used “for site survey and inspection, research and data collection, film and media production, and deep-sea testing of hardware and software”.</p> <p>It also has a “real-time hull health monitoring (RTM) system”. This would likely include strain gauges to monitor the health of the Titan’s carbon fibre hull. A strain gauge is a kind of sensor that can measure applied force and small deformations in material resulting from changes in pressure, tension and weight.</p> <p>The Titan’s carbon fibre hull connects two domes made of composite titanium – a material that can withstand deep-sea pressures. At 3,800m below sea level (the depth of the Titanic) you can expect pressures about 380 times greater than the atmospheric pressure we’re used to on the surface of the earth.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=518&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=518&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532840/original/file-20230620-23-c6k9lo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=518&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="Several tube like shapes on a rectangular concrete platform underwater" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">Titan on the launch platform underwater, awaiting a signal to commence the dive.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://oceangate.com/gallery/gallery-titan.html#nanogallery/titangallery/0/4">OceanGate</a></span></figcaption></figure> <h2>Communication and rescue efforts</h2> <p>The Titan would have had an acoustic link with its surface vessel, set up through a transponder (a device for receiving a sonar signal) on its end, and a transceiver (a device that can both transmit and receive communications) on the surface vessel.</p> <p>This link allows for underwater acoustic positioning, as well as for short text messages to be sent back and forth to the surface vessel – but the amount of data that can be shared is limited and usually includes basic telemetry and status information.</p> <p>The Titan is a battery-operated watercraft. Given it has lost all contact with its surface vessel, it may have suffered a power failure. Ideally, there would be an emergency backup power source (such as an independent battery) to maintain emergency and life support equipment – but it’s unclear if the missing vessel had any power backup on hand.</p> <p>According to reports, at least two aircraft, a submarine and sonar buoys were being used to search for the vessel. The sonar buoys will be listening for underwater noise, including any emergency distress beacons that may have gone off.</p> <p>One of the major challenges in the rescue effort will be contending with weather conditions, which will further shrink an already narrow search window.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=518&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=518&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/532842/original/file-20230620-49349-cnzdk6.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=518&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="A dark blue image with a tube like shape floating in the lower third" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">Titan commencing a dive to 4,000m underwater.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://oceangate.com/gallery/gallery-titan.html#nanogallery/titangallery/0/1">OceanGate</a></span></figcaption></figure> <h2>What might have happened?</h2> <p>In a best case scenario, the Titan may have lost power and will have an inbuilt safety system that will help it return to the surface. For instance, it may be equipped with additional weights that can be dropped to instantly increase its buoyancy and bring it back to the surface.</p> <p>Alternatively, the vessel may have lost power and ended up at the bottom of the ocean. This would be a more problematic outcome.</p> <p>The worst case scenario is that it has suffered a catastrophic failure to its pressure housing. Although the Titan’s composite hull is built to withstand intense deep-sea pressures, any defect in its shape or build could compromise its integrity – in which case there’s a risk of implosion.</p> <p>Another possibility is that there may have been a fire onboard, such as from an electrical short circuit. This could compromise the vehicle’s electronic systems which are used for navigation and control of the vessel. Fires are a disastrous event in enclosed underwater environments, and can potentially incapacitate the crew and passengers.</p> <p>Time is of the essence. The search and rescue teams will need to find the vessel before its <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121053/https://oceangateexpeditions.com/tour/titanic-expedition/">limited supplies</a> of oxygen and water run out.</p> <p>There’s an ongoing debate in scientific circles regarding the relative merit of manned submersibles, wherein each deployment incurs a safety risk – and the safety of the crew and passengers is paramount.</p> <p>Currently, most underwater research and offshore industrial work is conducted using unmanned and robotic vehicles. A loss to one of these vehicles might compromise the work being done, but at least lives aren’t at stake. In light of these events, there will likely be intense discussion about the risks associated with using these systems to support deep-sea tourism.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/208100/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stefan-b-williams-1448728">Stefan B. Williams</a>, Professor, Australian Centre for Field Robotics, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/missing-titanic-sub-what-are-submersibles-how-do-they-communicate-and-what-may-have-gone-wrong-208100">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Images: Getty</em></p>

Technology

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5 things we all do wrong in the shower

<p>While showering every day keeps us smelling fresh, it actually disturbs the natural bacteria on our skin and strips it of the oils that keep it supple. In fact, many shower habits can actually be very unhygienic. Experts reveal what we’re doing wrong, and what to do instead.</p> <p><strong>1.  Showering everyday </strong></p> <p>The University of California found that too much washing can actually be bad for you, because it strips away beneficial bugs that the body uses to help ward off infections. Apparently, if we simply wash our hands and below the belt regularly we can skip a full shower every day.</p> <p><strong>2.  Showering for too long </strong></p> <p>Water is an irritant, so the longer you’re in there, the more irritated and dry your skin will become. Oil from the sebaceous glands hydrate the skin, so showering for too long strips it of moisture.</p> <p><strong>3. Rubbing soap on your whole body</strong></p> <p>Soap dislodges dirt and oil from the body, allowing water to wash it away. But the skin on the arms and legs doesn't contain a lot of oil, so cleaning them with soap just makes them dry.  Instead, simply focus on the armpits, buttocks, groin and feet</p> <p><strong>4.  Letting the shower water blast over your face </strong></p> <p>A hot shower can cause and exacerbate fragile capillary networks in the cheeks, leading to unattractive, visible capillary networks and worsened impaired skin conditions, experts warn.</p> <p><strong>5.  Using a pouf </strong></p> <p>Poufs and loofahs are a haven for bacteria — the dead skin cells they scrub so well from our body get caught up in the nooks where bacteria can feed on them. Also, because poufs take time to dry and may well retain dead skin cells, it’s a potential source of infection. To keep it clean, wet your pouf and put it on a medium heat in the microwave for 30 to 60 seconds.</p> <p>How would you feel about skipping your daily shower, like one of these tips suggests? Let us now in the comments below.</p> <p><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../health/body/2016/03/ways-to-stay-active-in-winter/"><em>4 ways to stay active in winter</em></a></strong></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../health/body/2016/04/ways-weather-influences-your-health-and-behaviour/"><em>5 ways weather influences your health and behaviour</em></a></strong></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../%20http:/www.oversixty.com.au/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/04/how-to-get-the-best-lawn-for-winter/"><em>How to get the best lawn for winter</em></a></strong></span></p>

Beauty & Style

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Dog groomers give owner wrong dog

<p dir="ltr">One dog owner has left the groomers with a different dog than the furry friend he brought in. </p> <p dir="ltr">Taking to Reddit, the owner posted an image of two dogs in the front seat of their car, one being of his own dog, and another of the one he got back.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Dog groomers gave me the wrong dog," they wrote in the post. </p> <p dir="ltr">Reddit users flocked to the comments to share their thoughts. </p> <p dir="ltr">"Is the bottom one yours? He looks happier," someone wrote, to which the owner responded, "yes lol.”</p> <p dir="ltr">"Dog smiling like, I don't know who this person is, but what a nice person. Are you taking me to my parents? :)," another person wrote.</p> <p dir="ltr">This isn’t the first doggy mix-up to have occurred.</p> <p dir="ltr">In 2022, a woman from Chesapeake, Virginia told People she was given the wrong dog. </p> <p dir="ltr">"I was like, 'This isn't my dog, where's my dog? Where's my puppy?'" the woman said, explaining when she received the dog. </p> <p dir="ltr">"I didn't get a chance to get a good look at him, all I saw was white. I go to the car and I put him in. He turned around and I thought, 'He looks so different, am I tripping?’"</p> <p dir="ltr">One person shared their own experience, "The city pound once gave me the wrong dog when I went to pick up my newly adopted dog from her spay.”</p> <p dir="ltr">"When I was younger and worked at a dog kennel boarding house there were to yellow labs that came in around the same age and same size looked pretty freakin similar," another user wrote.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9bda0c5-7fff-1b8e-9714-8935dba0a53f"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">"I could tell the difference by their personality; one was a little more friendly. My boss had no idea obviously because the day I wasn't working he gave the wrong dog to its elderly owner she had him for a week."</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credit: Reddit</em></p>

Family & Pets

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"I still don't know what I did wrong": Susan Sarandon reflects on breaking royal protocol

<p dir="ltr">Susan Sarandon has opened up her brush with royalty, and how she was slammed for "breaking royal protocol". </p> <p dir="ltr">The 76-year-old actress recalled attending the Royal Windsor Cup at Guards Polo Club with her youngest son in 2018, where she met Queen Elizabeth. </p> <p dir="ltr">Sarandon said she was given conflicting advice about what to do when she came face-to-face with Her Majesty, as she explains in the documentary Portrait of the Queen.</p> <p dir="ltr">"[When] I got to to England and my friends were like, 'do not bow, whatever you do don't bow, that is so passe'," Sarandon recalled.</p> <p dir="ltr">"You know, there's this push and pull about whether and how much respect you're going to give to the royal family and whatever. They said to me 'don't bow. Do not bow' and I thought, 'well, I'm going to be respectful'."</p> <p dir="ltr">When the day arrived, Sarandon and her son Miles were seated in a different section, where she received a briefing from a royal aide before the Queen arrived for their meeting. </p> <p dir="ltr">"They said: 'Don't ask her any questions. [If] she talks to you, it's okay but don't ask her anything. And this is what you have to do, you know, bow when she comes'," Sarandon recalls.</p> <p dir="ltr">"So I'm all stressed out, I think, 'am I going to bow or am I not going to bow?'</p> <p dir="ltr">"So anyway, the moment came when they finally said: 'Okay, it's your turn to meet the Queen'. And here is what happened - she was sitting down!</p> <p dir="ltr">"So of course, I had to bend over to shake her hand and so it looked like a curtsy. So, at the end of the day, I kind of did bow and the headlines still said after all of that, that I had gone against protocol somehow. I still don't know what I did wrong."</p> <p dir="ltr">At the time, the British press condemned the actress for breaking royal protocol by initiating a handshake with the Queen. </p> <p dir="ltr">Despite the semantics of their meeting, Sarandon said her brief encounter with Her Majesty was perfectly pleasant. </p> <p dir="ltr">"She was lovely to me," Sarandon says.</p> <p dir="ltr">"I don't think we had a very long conversation. I think it was kind of just 'Oh, it's so nice to meet you'. And, and I said 'it's so nice to meet you'. And I remembered that you can't ask her anything."</p> <p dir="ltr">"So that definitely puts a damper on your conversation because she has to be in charge of everything."</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em><span id="docs-internal-guid-5c2187e9-7fff-dce3-bc4f-c6300c456e47"></span></p>

Beauty & Style

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10 ways you’re doing your ironing wrong

<p>Some people like ironing, stopping at nothing but pressing their underwear. These individuals usually love their Sunday ritual of tackling four piles of laundry with a cup of tea and a midday movie for company.</p> <p>There’s even a group of extreme ironing enthusiasts, who’ve combined their love for action sports with the satisfaction of a well-pressed shirt. They swear by its meditative qualities: the repetitive movement; the hiss of the steam; the elimination of creases, one by one.</p> <p>Then there’s the rest of the population, who’ll do everything they can to avoid it: from only buying wrinkle-free fabrics to hanging garments in the bathroom for the shower steam to work its magic. They don’t call it a “chore” for nothing, people.</p> <p>Unfortunately, life thrusts at us many occasions that require whatever we’re wearing to receive a good press. Whichever camp you fall in – seasoned or sporadic – you’re poised to benefit from these practical tips.</p> <p><strong>1. Over-drying your clothes</strong></p> <p>Having them hang for too long, frying in the sun or on the heater, can over-dry clothes, leaving them stiff as cardboard and crispy in texture. They become difficult to reshape and harder to iron. Also, be wary of how long they’re in the dryer, especially if you don’t have one of the more advanced “moisture-sensing” models.</p> <p><strong>2. Not shaking clothes out</strong></p> <p>As you’re taking your clothes off the line and out of the dryer, don’t forget to shake them out. This smooths seams and pleats, making them easier to iron later down the line.</p> <p><strong>3. Not protecting delicates</strong></p> <p>Placing a hot iron directly on sensitive fabrics can ruin garments, branding them with an unsightly singed and shiny mark. Protect them by ironing fabrics inside-out and with a pressing cloth as a buffer. A handkerchief or napkin will do.</p> <p><strong>4. Not misting clothes</strong></p> <p>This makes creases easier to eliminate. Many irons have an in-built spray function so you can lightly mist your clothes at the touch of a button. Alternatively, keep a water spray bottle handy.</p> <p><strong>5. Not using a starch spray</strong></p> <p>Starch sprays can speed up ironing and leave your clothes looking extra pristine – if you use them correctly. Spray the area right before you iron and leave it to penetrate for a few seconds. This will also save your iron’s base plate from a build-up of product residue. (You can make your own starch spray by dissolving one tablespoon of corn-flour in two cups of water.)</p> <p><strong>6. Not adjusting the temperature</strong></p> <p>If you have a large pile to tackle, start with your lightest silk, synthetic and delicate fabrics, as these need to be ironed on lower temperatures. Then, as your iron begins to heat up, iron your woollens on medium heat, and then cottons and linens that require a higher heat. Always let the iron sit for a few minutes after you adjust the temperature setting. Want to cut your ironing time in half? Place a sheet of aluminium foil underneath the ironing board cover. The reflected heat from the foil means you don’t have to flip over the garment and iron the other side.</p> <p><strong>7. Not paying attention to the form of the garment</strong></p> <p>For shirts, start with the sleeves (cuffs always open) and lay the collar flat (even though that’s not how you usually wear it), then let the shirt hang for a few minutes before putting it on. For trousers, iron along the main crease, stopping six inches below the waist, then hang by the waistband. And always iron skirts from the top down, unless there’s a flounce or flare, in which case, start from the bottom and work up. If you’re having to iron pleats, start from the bottom, working from the inside of the pleat to the outside. Then set it with a shot of steam.</p> <p><strong>8. Using circular strokes</strong></p> <p>Ironing in circles stretches the fabric. Always iron lengthwise.</p> <p><strong>9. Making a mess of sheets</strong></p> <p>Is there anything more annoying than ironing sheets, tablecloths and curtains? The trick is to set up two chairs next to the ironing board. Fold the piece onto the chairs as you work on it. You could also iron them on a tabletop you’re not too precious about, provided you protect the surface with a bath towel.</p> <p><strong>10. Not hanging up or folding as soon as you’re done</strong></p> <p>But make sure you wait five minutes before putting them on. You need to let the press set, otherwise you’ll be undoing all your hard work.</p> <p>Do you have any ironing secrets to share with us? Let us know in the comments below.</p> <p><em>Written by Kathleen Lee-Jo. First appeared on <a href="http://www.domain.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Domain.com.au</span></strong></a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="../lifestyle/home-garden/2016/06/best-way-to-fold-fitted-sheet-video/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Best way to fold fitted sheet</span></em></strong></a></p> <p><a href="../lifestyle/home-garden/2016/06/5-foods-you-should-never-reheat/"><em><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">5 foods you should never reheat</span></strong></em></a></p> <p><a href="../lifestyle/home-garden/2016/06/the-secret-to-keeping-your-whites-white/"><em><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The secret to keeping your whites white</span></strong></em></a></p>

Home Hints & Tips

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Family learns they visited wrong gravestone for nearly 20 years

<p>A family from the UK have been left devastated after discovering they have been visiting the wrong grave for almost 20 years. </p> <p>The Bell family, who buried their familial patriarch Thomas back in 2005, regularly visited his gravestone at Holy Trinity cemetery in Wingate, County Durham, for 17 years.</p> <p>According to the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-63858303?at_bbc_team=editorial&amp;at_format=link&amp;at_medium=social&amp;at_link_type=web_link&amp;at_link_id=C514075C-74A5-11ED-997B-754D2152A482&amp;at_link_origin=BBC_News&amp;at_ptr_name=facebook_page&amp;at_campaign_type=owned&amp;at_campaign=Social_Flow&amp;fbclid=IwAR0hoRUkg38_Q-s8CoEe70ObHtrYX4-QbVvA7KH2hCTmcEd34a28BuYzfeI" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BBC</a>, it wasn't until Thomas' wife Hilda - who was due to be buried beside him - also died this year that the mix-up was discovered.</p> <p>The family discovered that a mix-up at the cemetery has seen Thomas's headstone been "placed on the wrong grave", due to "insufficient process" and "poor record keeping".</p> <p>An inquiry into the incident found "a perfect storm" of problems led to the crushing mistake, believed to be due to the human error of a stonemason.</p> <p>Bob Cooper, the Archdeacon of Sunderland, said that the error was a "great sadness" caused by a number of wrong protocols being followed.</p> <p>"The term 'a perfect storm' is used all too often in modern parlance, however on this occasion it seems particularly apt," Cooper said.</p> <p>"It cannot be guaranteed that historic cases like this will not reoccur because there will be gaps in the records for many reasons in parishes across the Diocese of Durham and further afield."</p> <p>A number of recommendations are set to be implemented within the parish to ensure the mix-up does not occur again.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Google Maps</em></p>

Family & Pets

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"It's wrong!" Heidi Klum's lingerie shoot with daughter slammed

<p>Heidi Klum has come under fire for a controversial photoshoot with her 18-year-old daughter. </p> <p>The 49-year-old supermodel has teamed up with her daughter Leni for a collaboration with Italian lingerie company Intimissimi, with the campaign photoshoot drawing in a flood of criticism. </p> <p>The mother-daughter duo posed together in a series of stripped down poses, showing off the luxury lingerie products and frolicking around together. </p> <p>While some loved seeing them model together, others found the intimacy of the photoshoot disturbing. </p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/CjkB_DhDBiD/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/CjkB_DhDBiD/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Heidi Klum (@heidiklum)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>One person wrote on Twitter, “It’s wrong and makes me feel deeply uneasy!”</p> <p>Another wrote, “Ah yes, the classic mother-daughter pose: standing in your lingerie. A favourite for every family album.”</p> <p>Someone else chimed in, “Heidi Klum and her 18yo daughter Leni posing half naked in their underwear together. Holys**t!”</p> <p>Another commented on Instagram, “Trained by Mum. Can a therapist take a look at this, please!”, while another insta user, simply wrote, “Nope.”</p> <p>Heidi and Leni are starring in Intimissimi's new autumn/winter 2022 campaign “as icons of self-confidence, joy of life and love between a mother and daughter”, <a title="www.thesun.co.uk" href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/20055687/heidi-klum-sexy-lingerie-teenage-daughter-leni/">The Sun</a> reported.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Instagram</em></p>

Family & Pets

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You’re probably washing your hair wrong - here’s how to fix it

<p dir="ltr">Unlike many other aspects of life, how to look after our hair isn’t necessarily something we’re taught to do.</p> <p dir="ltr">While there are plenty of tutorials, explainers and hacks for pulling off particular hairstyles, how-to’s for ensuring your hair is healthy (and looks it) seems to still be catching up.</p> <p dir="ltr">Hair expert Zoe Irwin says that many people who are washing hair incorrectly are even inadvertently damaging it, and has gone on a crusade to teach people how to care for their locks.</p> <p dir="ltr">Speaking to <em>The Sun</em>, the creative director at John Frieda Salons said hair is often more of an “afterthought” than other aspects of their physical wellbeing, such as skincare.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Your hair needs the same treatment in order to look its healthiest,” she says.</p> <p dir="ltr">To help your hair look its best and healthiest, here are some of Irwin’s top tips and advice across each stage of the hair-washing process.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Less is more when it comes to shampoo</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">According to Irwin, most of us use too much shampoo, and cutting back can not only save you money by making each bottle last longer but can lessen the amount of chemicals from shampoo that ends up in the environment.</p> <p dir="ltr">She suggests using only a small blob of shampoo - slightly smaller than a 50-cent coin - and to apply it by spreading the shampoo over your hand rather than directly onto your hair. This means that when you do wash your hair, the shampoo will be distributed more evenly.</p> <p dir="ltr">Irwin also discourages rubbing shampoo into your hair to create a lather, since your hair is at its most fragile when wet. </p> <p dir="ltr">Instead, massage your scalp by holding your head still and moving your fingers along your scalp.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Use conditioner from tip to top</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">After shampoo removes dirt and excess oil, conditioner comes in to nourish and replenish lost moisture - and there’s a way to apply it to avoid the dreaded feeling of a greasy scalp. </p> <p dir="ltr">Irwin says applying conditioner starting from the tips of the hair and working up to the top solves this problem, as the amount of product will dilute as you move towards your scalp. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Take care when drying your hair</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Finally, Irwin says drying your hair should be done with care - avoiding too much friction of heat on your fragile locks.</p> <p dir="ltr">Instead of rubbing your hair dry with a towel, she suggests wrapping it in a towel or hair wrap and delicately pressing and patting the towel against your head. The longer you do this, the less amount of time you’ll need to use your hair dryer.</p> <p dir="ltr">When you do switch on your hair dryer, it’s best to use it in small sections of your hair on medium heat in circular motions. This helps your hair not only dry faster but also reduces the amount of heat damage inflicted.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Wash intuitively and ditch the schedule</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">As for how often to wash your hair, Irwin doesn’t say, but that’s because it's highly subjective. Though there is plenty of debate about washing hair daily, every couple days, once a week or even less frequently, it all comes down to how your hair behaves.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dermatologist Dr Iris Rubin told Cosmopolitan it’s best to shampoo hair as flakiness, excessive grease, itchiness or build-up start to crop up, rather than by following a regular schedule - with finer, straighter hair generally needing more frequent washes compared to thicker, curlier hair.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-c38228cc-7fff-2500-a403-985e0c9b29c7"></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Beauty & Style

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Blackout bungle sees sisters marry the wrong grooms

<p>Two sisters have accidentally married the wrong grooms during their joint wedding, as a power cut caused a confusing blackout. </p> <p>The ceremony was happening in the village of Aslana in Madhya Pradesh state, India, when the unfortunate blackout wreaked havoc with the proceedings.</p> <p>During the confusion, the priest continued to read out the marriage rites, but accidentally confused the couples. </p> <p>The brides’ father Ramesh Lal suggested the priest may have been confused since the two women were both in red dresses with veils over their faces.</p> <p>When the mistake was realised, it was later rectified. </p> <p>Blackouts and power cuts have been more common in India, as unusually high temperatures continue to tear through the country. </p> <p>These surging temperatures have seen a surge in demand for energy, with many companies resorting to intermittent power cuts in order to cope with the demand. </p> <p>More than a billion people across south Asia are facing a record-breaking heat wave which leaves them "gasping in whatever shade they find".</p> <p>Temperatures in northern India<a id="mol-de96b2e2-d097-11ec-861e-fba9b27a3e26" href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/pakistan/index.html"> </a>have spiked to 47C as neighbouring Pakistan suffered its hottest March for 61 years.</p> <p>Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said in April, "Temperatures are rising rapidly in the country, and rising much earlier than usual."</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Relationships

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Mid-flight singalong strikes the wrong chord

<p dir="ltr">A man who sang a Christian worship song while strumming his guitar on board a plane has gone viral for all the wrong reasons. </p> <p dir="ltr">Jonathan Neo was on an easyJet flight when he started to sing to his fellow passengers mid-flight.</p> <p dir="ltr">Footage of the singing was shared online by the pastor of the group Jack Jensz Jr who captioned it: “Worshipping our King Jesus 30,000 feet in the air!”</p> <p dir="ltr">The video, which received a whopping 31 million views in just two days, showed a few of the passengers singing along with Jonathan while others looked on angrily. </p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/CcIbSzRD7dm/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/CcIbSzRD7dm/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Jack Jensz Jr. (@jackjenszjr_)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p dir="ltr">Many people in the comments section slammed the group for inconveniencing passengers and for their lack of respect.</p> <p dir="ltr">“No self awareness here at all. I'll be praying for you guys to actually learn some,” one wrote.</p> <p dir="ltr">“I would rather go to Jesus right NOW than endure that nightmare of a flight,” another commented.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Do you feel good about holding people hostage? Did Jesus say to force feed His word against people's will? Disgraceful,” another person wrote.</p> <p dir="ltr">“What a self-righteous, presumptuous, and annoying thing to inflict on a plane full of strangers,” someone else commented.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Could you be wearing the wrong bra? It’s more likely than you think

<p dir="ltr">Bras are an item of clothing we wear most days (if not every day), so it makes sense to wear bras that fit and are comfortable.</p> <p dir="ltr">But with various sizes, styles and brands out there – and needing to fit them to our own unique body shapes – finding something that actually fits can feel like an impossible task, causing us to settle for the next best thing time and time again.</p> <p dir="ltr">Not any more! To get an insight into how women can find a well-fitting bra, and just how often we should be getting fitted, <em>OverSixty </em>spoke to experts from New Zealand lingerie brand <a href="https://www.bendonlingerie.co.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bendon Lingerie</a>. Here’s what we learned.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>5 signs a bra doesn’t fit</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">“As women, we’ve long been accustomed to all sorts of minor everyday discomforts - from wearing an uncomfortable bra that requires us to readjust every 30 minutes, to a blister-forming pair of stilettos,” the Bendon Lingerie team explains.</p> <p dir="ltr">“But thanks to decades of cultural shift and breaking away from the need to satisfy societal norms, we know we deserve better and honestly, if it’s uncomfortable, bin it.”</p> <p dir="ltr">The team at Bendon Lingerie have five main signs they tell women to look out for, including: </p> <ul> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Uncomfortable underwire</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Straps that are too tight and dig into the skin, or too loose and fall off the shoulder</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">If your breast bulge over the top of the cups</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">A bra band that rides up your back (it should sit flat and be parallel to the ground)</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">The gore (the centre front triangle piece) is either digging in or not sitting flush against the body</p> </li> </ul> <p dir="ltr">For a visual guide to determining whether your bra fits, head <a href="https://www.bendonlingerie.co.nz/blog/post/bra-fitting-101#ill-fitting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Myth: Bra shopping is a nightmare</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Now that you know what a bad bra looks and feels like, you might be dreading having to purchase new, well-fitting bras - but getting fitted and staying open-minded about your size can make the task much easier.</p> <p dir="ltr">“It’s a common misconception that getting bra fitted is a difficult process,” they say.</p> <p dir="ltr">Having been invited for a bra-fitting with the Bendon Lingerie  team in Sydney, I can confirm as much. After deciding on a few different styles and starting with the size of my most recent bra (which I reviewed <a href="https://www.oversixty.com.au/finance/money-banking/review-a-sustainable-bra-worth-the-splurge" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>), we were able to settle on not one, but two, bras that fit my shape and were incredibly comfortable in just 10 minutes - and in slightly different sizes than what we started with.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Our best advice is not to get stuck on the size you think you are, and to be open-minded about trying different styles,” the team tells me.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Have confidence in the fitter to assist you in finding what you want.</p> <p dir="ltr">“We understand that getting fitted can be a confronting process for some women - we hear a lot of women not wanting to go up a cup or band size because it’s ‘not their size’, but bras are quite complex garments. Ours are often made up of a minimum of 26 parts, so there is a lot of room for differences to exist.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Their ultimate advice? Focus on finding bras that are comfortable over specific sizes, since that will be what makes you feel your best.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>When were you last fitted?</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Since finding a bra that fits relies on being fitted, how often should we be doing it?</p> <p dir="ltr">The Bendon Lingerie team tells me there are several tell-tale signs it might be time, such as if your bra is uncomfortable or doesn’t feel like it's supporting you anymore, you’ve never been fitted, or your clothing size has changed.</p> <p dir="ltr">Ideally, it’s best to be fitted every time you buy a bra, but since that can be hard to achieve, doing one every 12 months “is a good habit to get into”.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>A strong foundation for every outfit</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">“It’s not so much a surprise, but something that women should keep in mind when shopping - our fitters will always ask this question when beginning a fitting too,” the team says.</p> <p dir="ltr">“For example, plunge bras are great for low-cut tops and dresses, smooth cups are great under clothing with clingy fabrics, and contour bras can help create more shape and natural lift for ageing breasts.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Bras can also be a fashion statement all on their own, with the pairing of lacy longline or corset-type bustiers and oversized blazers an example.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-b6fafa38-7fff-ad1f-c4b8-fa66931a49c6"></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Beauty & Style

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Can you spot what’s wrong with this movie poster?

<p>A bunch of posters for a new movie had to be pulled down following a glaring error that was spotted by fans who, let’s face it, didn’t even need to be particularly eagle-eyed. </p> <p>Robert Eggers‘ new vikings film <em>The Northman</em> stars Alexander Skarsgärd, Nicole Kidman, Anya Taylor-Joy and Ethan Hawke.</p> <p>The actors are seen standing together on the poster but there is one thing missing… the movie title.</p> <p>Posters for the film went up in New York without the title and were drastically pulled down within hours after it went viral on Twitter.</p> <p>Isaac Butler was the first person to point out the crucial missing element and tweeted what he imagined happened when the poster was ready for printing.</p> <p>“So you got that poster ready for The Northman?,” he wrote.</p> <p>“Yeah, chief! We already printed it and put it in subways all over New York!”</p> <p>“You made sure the title was on it, right?”</p> <p>“Uhhhhhhhh….”</p> <p>Subway users were quick to jump onto the action with one even suggesting it was a way to create “buzz” for the new movie. </p> <p>“Lol they forgot to print the title on the subway ads for The Northman,” someone wrote.</p> <p>“The Northman looks so good but whoever is in charge of their posters can’t stop f**king up,” another tweeted.</p> <p>“Well if this 'error' was intentional to get buzz, it's working. Never heard of this until this morning after seeing three tweets like this,” someone suggested.</p> <p><em>Image: Twitter</em></p>

Movies

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There is, in fact, a ‘wrong’ way to use Google

<p>I was recently reading comments on a post related to COVID-19, and saw a reply I would classify as misinformation, bordering on conspiracy. I couldn’t help but ask the commenter for evidence.</p> <p>Their response came with some web links and “do your own research”. I then asked about their research methodology, which turned out to be searching for specific terms on Google.</p> <p>As an academic, I was intrigued. Academic research aims to establish the truth of a phenomenon based on evidence, analysis and peer review.</p> <p>On the other hand, a search on Google provides links with content written by known or unknown authors, who may or may not have knowledge in that area, based on a ranking system that either follows the preferences of the user, or the collective popularity of certain sites.</p> <p>In other words, Google’s algorithms can penalise the truth for not being popular.</p> <p><a href="https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/algorithms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Search’s</a> ranking system has a <a href="https://youtu.be/tFq6Q_muwG0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fraction of a second</a> to sort through hundreds of billions of web pages, and index them to find the most relevant and (ideally) useful information.</p> <p>Somewhere along the way, mistakes get made. And it’ll be a while before these algorithms become foolproof – if ever. Until then, what can you do to make sure you’re not getting the short end of the stick?</p> <p><strong>One question, millions of answers</strong></p> <p>There are around <a href="https://morningscore.io/how-does-google-rank-websites/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">201 known factors</a> on which a website is analysed and ranked by Google’s algorithms. Some of the main ones are:</p> <ul> <li>the specific key words used in the search</li> <li>the meaning of the key words</li> <li>the relevance of the web page, as assessed by the ranking algorithm</li> <li>the “quality” of the contents</li> <li>the usability of the web page</li> <li>and user-specific factors such as their location and profiling data taken from connected Google products, including Gmail, YouTube and Google Maps.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Research has shown</a> users pay more attention to higher-ranked results on the first page. And there are known ways to ensure a website makes it to the first page.</p> <p>One of these is “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">search engine optimisation</a>”, which can help a web page float into the top results even if its content isn’t necessarily quality.</p> <p>The other issue is Google Search results <a href="https://mcculloughwebservices.com/2021/01/07/why-google-results-look-different-for-everyone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">are different for different people</a>, sometimes even if they have the exact same search query.</p> <p>Results are tailored to the user conducting the search. In his book <a href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/181/181850/the-filter-bubble/9780241954522.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Filter Bubble</a>, Eli Pariser points out the dangers of this – especially when the topic is of a controversial nature.</p> <p>Personalised search results create alternate versions of the flow of information. Users receive more of what they’ve already engaged with (which is likely also what they already believe).</p> <p>This leads to a dangerous cycle which can further polarise people’s views, and in which more searching doesn’t necessarily mean getting closer to the truth.</p> <p><strong>A work in progress</strong></p> <p>While Google Search is a brilliant search engine, it’s also a work in progress. Google is <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2020/04/a-scalable-approach-to-reducing-gender.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">continuously addressing various issues</a> related to its performance.</p> <p>One major challenge relates to societal biases <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/artificial-intelligence-is-demonstrating-gender-bias-and-its-our-fault" target="_blank" rel="noopener">concerning race and gender</a>. For example, searching Google Images for “truck driver” or “president” returns images of mostly men, whereas “model” and “teacher” returns images of mostly women.</p> <p>While the results may represent what has <em>historically</em> been true (such as in the case of male presidents), this isn’t always the same as what is <em>currently</em> true – let alone representative of the world we wish to live in.</p> <p>Some years ago, Google <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/12/16882408/google-racist-gorillas-photo-recognition-algorithm-ai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reportedly</a> had to block its image recognition algorithms from identifying “gorillas”, after they began classifying images of black people with the term.</p> <p>Another issue highlighted by health practitioners relates to people <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/please-stop-using-doctor-google-dangerous" target="_blank" rel="noopener">self diagnosing based on symptoms</a>. It’s estimated about <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.5694/mja2.50600" target="_blank" rel="noopener">40% of Australians</a> search online for self diagnoses, and there are about 70,000 health-related searches conducted on Google each minute.</p> <p>There can be serious repercussions for those who <a href="https://www.medicaldirector.com/press/new-study-reveals-the-worrying-impact-of-doctor-google-in-australia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">incorrectly interpret</a> information found through “<a href="https://www.ideas.org.au/blogs/dr-google-should-you-trust-it.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr Google</a>” – not to mention what this means in the midst of a pandemic.</p> <p>Google has delivered a plethora of COVID misinformation related to unregistered medicines, fake cures, mask effectiveness, contact tracing, lockdowns and, of course, vaccines.</p> <p>According to <a href="https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/103/4/article-p1621.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one study</a>, an estimated 6,000 hospitalisations and 800 deaths during the first few months of the pandemic were attributable to misinformation (specifically the false claim that <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-28/hundreds-dead-in-iran-after-drinking-methanol-to-cure-virus/12192582" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drinking methanol can cure COVID</a>).</p> <p>To combat this, <a href="https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/how-search-engines-disseminate-information-about-covid-19-and-why-they-should-do-better/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google eventually prioritised</a> authoritative sources in its search results. But there’s only so much Google can do.</p> <p>We each have a responsibility to make sure we’re thinking critically about the information we come across. What can you do to make sure you’re asking Google the best question for the answer you need?</p> <p><strong>How to Google smarter</strong></p> <p>In summary, a Google Search user must be aware of the following facts:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Google Search will bring you the top-ranked web pages which are also the most relevant to your search terms. Your results will be as good as your terms, so always consider context and how the inclusion of certain terms might affect the result.</p> </li> <li> <p>You’re better off starting with a <a href="https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/134479?hl=enr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">simple search</a>, and adding more descriptive terms later. For instance, which of the following do you think is a more effective question: “<em>will hydroxychloroquine help cure my COVID?</em>” or “<em>what is hydroxychloroquine used for?</em>”</p> </li> <li> <p>Quality content comes from verified (or verifiable) sources. While scouring through results, look at the individual URLs and think about whether that source holds much authority (for instance, is it a government website?). Continue this process once you’re in the page, too, always checking for author credentials and information sources.</p> </li> <li> <p>Google may personalise your results based on your previous search history, current location and interests (gleaned through other products such as Gmail, YouTube or Maps). You can use <a href="https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/95464?hl=en&amp;co=GENIE.Platform%3DDesktop" target="_blank" rel="noopener">incognito mode</a> to prevent these factors from impacting your search results.</p> </li> <li> <p>Google Search isn’t the only option. And you don’t just have to leave your reading to the discretion of its algorithms. There are several other search engines available, including <a href="https://www.bing.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bing</a>, <a href="https://au.yahoo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Yahoo</a>, <a href="https://www.baidu.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Baidu</a>, <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DuckDuckGo</a> and <a href="https://www.ecosia.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ecosia</a>. Sometimes it’s good to triangulate your results from outside the filter bubble. <img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/179099/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> </li> </ol> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/muneera-bano-398400" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Muneera Bano</a>, Senior Lecturer, Software Engineering, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/there-is-in-fact-a-wrong-way-to-use-google-here-are-5-tips-to-set-you-on-the-right-path-179099" target="_blank" rel="noopener">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Technology

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CBT is wrong in how it understands mental illness

<p>Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is one of the most popular forms of talking therapy. It is the treatment of choice for depression and anxiety and is a staple of public healthcare systems, such as the NHS and the Australian Medicare system. CBT’s understanding of mental illness and therapeutic techniques is already part of the mainstream – accusations of “catastrophising” and pleas to “reality check” beliefs <a href="https://www.rallyware.com/cognitive_distortions">can be found everywhere</a>. As a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/2002/09/03/a-change-of-mind/19573ec9-9b36-4d11-874f-eb6dbc5d9164/">Washington Post article</a> put it: “For better or worse, cognitive therapy is fast becoming what people mean when they say they are ‘getting therapy’.”</p> <p>One of the reasons for CBT’s runaway success is the reams of <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/evidence-for-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-in-any-condition-population-or-context-a-metareview-of-systematic-reviews-and-panoramic-metaanalysis/3BE55E078F21F06CFF90FFAD1ACEA5E0">evidence that support its effectiveness</a> at treating a host of mental health disorders. Although there is evidence for CBT’s effectiveness, the evidence for its theory, particularly its understanding of mental illness, is far more mixed. To put it another way, we know that CBT works, but we are not sure how or why it works.</p> <p>CBT’s <a href="https://beckinstitute.org/about/intro-to-cbt/">cognitive model of mental illness</a>, originally <a href="https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14502.html">developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s</a>, hypothesised that disorders such as depression were characterised by certain patterns of thought that give rise to the negative emotions and behaviour typical of mental illness. These patterns of thought are referred to as “cognitive distortions” or “negative automatic thoughts”. </p> <p>But what exactly is wrong with these thoughts? What makes them “distorted”? Generally, vague answers are offered in response. For example, the American Psychological Association describes these thoughts as being <a href="https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/patients-and-families/cognitive-behavioral">“faulty” or “unhelpful”</a>. Looking at <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/ten-cognitive-distortions-identified-in-cbt-22412">lists of distortions</a>, offers clues. </p> <p>Most distortions focus on faulty reasoning, where someone “jumps to conclusions”, makes a poor inference (“overgeneralising”), is biased in how they perceive a situation (“black or white thinking”), or, more straightforwardly, when they believe something false or inaccurate. CBT then goes on to suggest that if this faulty reasoning was resolved, the “unhelpful” negative emotions and behaviour will change.</p> <h2>Three reasons to doubt the model</h2> <p>There are three reasons to doubt the cognitive model and the association of mental illnesses with errors in reasoning.</p> <p>First, the sort of issues CBT draws attention to – bias, false beliefs, poor inferences – are all relatively common, even in mentally healthy people. As a great deal of psychological research <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/judgment-under-uncertainty/6F9E814794E08EC43D426E480A4B412C">has shown</a>, we are all prone to poor reasoning. And even with mental disorders that seem to involve obvious faulty thinking, such as schizophrenia or psychosis, it is very difficult to nail down the difference between a <a href="https://mitpress.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035484.001.0001/upso-9780262035484-chapter-013">delusion and a strange belief</a>. For example, what distinguishes delusions from the sorts of beliefs associated with conspiracy theories or belief in the supernatural? “Faulty” thinking does not obviously correlate with mental illness. </p> <p>Second, although CBT researchers have studies showing that mental disorder has something to do with cognitive distortions, there is a problem with the tests or measures used in this research. Many of these tests ask questions that have nothing to do with poor reasoning. They often ask people to answer questions that are simply about how they feel (“I’m so disappointed in myself”, <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1981-20180-001">Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire</a>), need a great deal more information, maybe about population-level data to answer (“I do few things as well as others”, <a href="https://books.google.at/books/about/Inventory_of_Cognitive_Distortions.html?id=aSlJNwAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">Inventory of Cognitive Distortions</a>), or seem to be about moral or practical issues rather than poor reasoning (“Taking even a small risk is foolish because the loss is likely to be a disaster”, “To be a good, moral, worthwhile, person, I must help everyone who needs it”, <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft00091-000">Dysfunctional Attitude Scale</a>). </p> <p>Finally, there is research suggesting that it is mental health rather than mental illness that is related to poor reasoning. The “depressive realism hypothesis”, shows that depressed people more accurately: <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1981-02686-001">predict how much control they have over outcomes</a>, <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1980-01102-001">evaluate their performance</a> and <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-23229-001">recall feedback</a>. </p> <p>Mentally healthy people, on the other hand, succumb to an “illusion of control” and tend to recall their own performance and feedback in an excessively rosy light. Although most of this research has been on depression, there are studies suggesting that schizophrenia may be associated with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17978328/">better theoretical reasoning</a> and autism is sometimes characterised by enhanced logical and theoretical reasoning.</p> <h2>Not backed by research</h2> <p>Not only is there contrary evidence showing problems with reasoning are widespread as well as potentially associated with mental health rather than mental disorder. But the evidence in favour of CBT’s take on mental illness is tainted because the tests used in these studies do not even track problems with reasoning. CBT provides a compelling story about mental illness – mental illness is associated with “faulty” reasoning, and in resolving this, negative behaviour and emotions are addressed. Unfortunately, research doesn’t quite back up this story. </p> <p>We might wonder whether it matters. After all, CBT seems to work, so why should we care how it works or whether it is wrong in its story about mental illness? </p> <p>It matters ethically. It is one thing to point out that certain patterns of thinking are “unhelpful” or bring about negative emotions and behaviour, quite another to suggest that someone is irrational or reasoning poorly when the evidence for this is shaky. It is what the philosopher Miranda Fricker terms “<a href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001/acprof-9780198237907">epistemic injustice</a>”, where a member of a disenfranchised group (that is, the mentally ill), is told their claims are plagued by errors or cannot be taken at face value. Even worse, with CBT they are told this when they come seeking help. Troubling, at best, unethical at worst.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/cbt-is-wrong-in-how-it-understands-mental-illness-175943" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

Mind

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Annoying things movies always get wrong about real life

<p><strong>Meals and how human beings eat them </strong></p><p>If screenwriters write what they know, then they all must have the luxury of time to eat a full breakfast buffet every morning. </p><p>Film characters have no problem sitting down to a table of eggs, toast, pancakes and orange juice on a regular Tuesday morning, while real-life moviegoers settle for a muesli bar to-go. </p><p>But don’t expect them to eat the whole spread. It doesn’t matter if they eat at home or at a restaurant; no one finishes an entire meal in the movies. </p><p>At best, they get a few bites in before being called away to some emergency. Perhaps industry execs think audiences would be bored watching characters eat a full meal like normal people. </p><p>But I want to see Ryan Reynolds finishing off a plate of spaghetti, dang it!</p><p><strong>Normal work life</strong></p><p>If a scene takes place in someone’s office, work is rarely being done. The characters are planning pranks, planning to quit, planning to take over the company, planning how to get their work done – but they’re never actually doing their jobs. </p><p>And this trait isn’t just found in movies. How Ross, Rachel, and company could spend so much time at Central Perk without getting fired, I’ll never know.</p><p><strong>Addressing other people</strong></p><p>How often do you say someone’s name during a conversation? Possibly once at the beginning when you greet each other and maybe once at the end, right? </p><p>You may just make eye contact, start talking, and then say, “Alright, see ya.” But if you’re talking to Ashley in a movie, you need to let Ashley know that you’re here for her if she ever needs anything, Ashley, and that she is going to survive this breakup because you know what, Ashley? </p><p>She is one tough cookie, Ashley is, and her friends love her, Ashley. OK? OK. Bye, Ashley.</p><p><strong>People reacting to explosions</strong></p><p>Ah yes, the cinematic staple of every action-packed blockbuster that gets stolen by every action-packed wannabe. </p><p>Film stars dramatically walk away as an explosion bursts forth behind them, and they carry on without so much as turning around to see what damage has been done. </p><p>They don’t care whether they’re about to be hit by flying debris. They don’t fall down from the shock waves. It’s not how any normal person would react. But dang, does it look cool.</p><p><strong>Women's hair in action movies</strong></p><p>Every woman shares the common struggle of trying to keep her hair in place. We use bobby pins, hair clips and hairspray, but even then, there’s always that one strand that pops back up. </p><p>And that’s all before we leave the house. Yet when Scarlett Johansson or any other female action hero gets caught in an intense combat with the bad guys, she walks away with not only a win, but her perfect, in-place hair. It’s just not fair.</p><p><strong>Women running in heels</strong></p><p>The same strong female leads can, and do, perform all of their heroic stunts in heels because, well, I’m not really sure. </p><p>Even in scenes where hordes of people are running away from a disaster, odds are the women are in heels because women wear them exclusively. </p><p>Of course, the coup de grâce for female viewers is watching a stone-faced woman run away from an explosion in heels without looking behind her as her perfect hair blows in the wind.</p><p><strong>Air vents</strong></p><p>Back in the day, one screenwriter decided that a character needed to make a getaway. The doors and windows weren’t options, so the only available exit was an air vent. </p><p>And so began the trend of making characters wiggle through air vents as an alternate means of moving between locations, even though real air vent openings are about the size of a toddler. </p><p>And they would definitely collapse under a grown person’s weight.</p><p><strong>What people watch on TV</strong></p><p>When film characters watch TV, they are almost always watching the news, because the news anchor is making some revelation about the zombie apocalypse or a murderer on the loose or whatever catastrophe is advancing the plot. </p><p>Why can’t they just turn on <em>Spongebob Squarepants</em> and unwind for a change?</p><p><strong>New York City</strong></p><p>Many films, including the majority of all rom coms ever made, are set in the Big Apple – but not the real one. Actual New York City apartments are about half the size of the ones you see on screen. </p><p>Green scaffolding covers most buildings, while the film industry’s alternate NYC has conveniently gotten rid of this eyesore. </p><p>And real New Yorkers rarely talk or interact with their neighbours, much less turn to them for sage advice or a cleverly written punchline.</p><p><strong>Ordering drinks</strong></p><p>If I walked into a bar and said, “I’ll have a beer,” the bartender would lean forward slightly, raise his eyebrow, and wait for me to specify which of the many beers on tap I want. </p><p>In the movies, you can order “a beer” and the bartender will give you your brew of choice without asking any follow-up questions, even if you’ve never met. </p><p>Granted, if film characters were to use actual brands of beer, the studio could get hit with a defamation lawsuit, HuffPost explains, but the least characters could do is order a lager or pale ale instead of “a beer.”</p><p><strong>School</strong></p><p>Teachers have an excellent time perception. They meticulously plan out how much material they can fit into one class period and adjust those estimates as necessary. </p><p>In fact, that’s their job. So it’s unclear why the film industry has the impression that professors are always cut off by the bell right in the middle of their lectures. </p><p>Then, to make things even more confusing, the profs shout that day’s assignments to their students, who are obviously not paying attention and most likely already out the door. </p><p>If school were like that in real life, graduation rates would decrease significantly.</p><p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p><p><em>This article originally appeared in <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/culture/annoying-things-movies-always-get-wrong-about-real-life?pages=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>. </em></p>

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