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Asking ChatGPT a health-related question? Better keep it simple

<p>It’s tempting to <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/news/chatgpt-and-dr-google/">turn to search engines</a> to seek out health information, but with the rise of large language models, like ChatGPT, people are becoming more and more likely to depend on AI for answers too.</p> <div class="copy"> <p>Concerningly, an Australian study has now found that the more evidence given to <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/chatgpt-an-intimate-companion/">ChatGPT</a> when asked a health-related question, the less reliable it becomes.</p> <p>Large language models (LLM) and artificial intelligence use in health care is still developing, creating a  a critical gap when providing incorrect answers can have serious consequences for people’s health.</p> <p>To address this, scientists from Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO, and the University of Queensland (UQ) explored a hypothetical scenario: an average person asking ChatGPT if ‘X’ treatment has a positive effect on condition ‘Y’.</p> <p>They presented ChatGPT with 100 questions sourced from the <a href="https://trec-health-misinfo.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TREC Health Misinformation track</a> – ranging from ‘Can zinc help treat the common cold?’ to ‘Will drinking vinegar dissolve a stuck fish bone?’</p> <p>Because queries to search engines are typically shorter, while prompts to a LLM can be far longer, they posed the questions in 2 different formats: the first as a simple question and the second as a question biased with supporting or contrary evidence.</p> <p>By comparing ChatGPT’s response to the known correct response based on existing medical knowledge, they found that ChatGPT was 80% accurate at giving accurate answers in a question-only format. However, when given an evidence-biased prompt, this accuracy reduced to 63%, which was reduced again to 28% when an “unsure” answer was allowed. </p> <p>“We’re not sure why this happens,” says CSIRO Principal Research Scientist and Associate Professor at UQ, Dr Bevan Koopman, who is co-author of the paper.</p> <p>“But given this occurs whether the evidence given is correct or not, perhaps the evidence adds too much noise, thus lowering accuracy.”</p> <p>Study co-author Guido Zuccon, Director of AI for the Queensland Digital Health Centre at UQ says that major search engines are now integrating LLMs and search technologies in a process called Retrieval Augmented Generation.</p> <p>“We demonstrate that the interaction between the LLM and the search component is still poorly understood, resulting in the generation of inaccurate health information,” says Zuccon.</p> <p>Given the widespread popularity of using LLMs online for answers on people’s health, Koopman adds, we need continued research to inform the public about risks and to help them optimise the accuracy of their answers.</p> <p>“While LLMs have the potential to greatly improve the way people access information, we need more research to understand where they are effective and where they are not.”</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <div> <p align="center"> </p> </div> <p><em><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=301406&amp;title=Asking+ChatGPT+a+health-related+question%3F+Better+keep+it+simple" width="1" height="1" loading="lazy" aria-label="Syndication Tracker" data-spai-target="src" data-spai-orig="" data-spai-exclude="nocdn" /></em><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/ai/asking-chatgpt-a-health-related-question-better-keep-it-simple/">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/imma-perfetto/">Imma Perfetto</a>. </em></div>

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Should we still be using RATs to test for COVID? 4 key questions answered

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904">Hassan Vally</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p>We’re currently navigating <a href="https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/life/health/2023/11/15/covid-australia-eighth-wave">an eighth wave</a> of <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-in-a-new-covid-wave-what-can-we-expect-this-time-216820">COVID infections</a> in Australia. However the threat COVID poses to us is significantly less than it has ever been, thanks to immunity we’ve acquired through <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00801-5/fulltext">a combination</a> of prior infection and vaccination.</p> <p>That said, COVID is by no means behind us. The threat of severe illness remains higher for many people, and we’re all potentially at risk of developing <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/covid-19/long-covid">long COVID</a>.</p> <p>While many people appear to be doing fewer rapid antigen tests (RATs) than they used to – if any at all – with rising cases, and as we head towards the festive season, testing continues to be important.</p> <p>So what do you need to know about testing in this wave? Here are four key questions answered.</p> <h2>1. When should I do a RAT?</h2> <p>There are a few situations where determining your COVID status is important to inform your actions, particularly during an uptick in infections. With more circulating virus, your index of suspicion that you have COVID if you’re experiencing cold-like symptoms should be higher.</p> <p>RATs work best when they’re used to confirm whether you have COVID when you <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-tests/how-testing-works-covid-19">have respiratory symptoms</a> and are infectious. So the primary use of RATs should be to determine your COVID status when you’re sick. A positive test should prompt you to isolate, and if you’re eligible, to seek antivirals.</p> <p>Testing might also be worthwhile if you’ve come into contact with someone with COVID but you haven’t developed symptoms. If you find you have in fact contracted the virus, you can take steps to avoid spreading it to other people (you can infect others even <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-asymptomatic-covid#prevalence">when you’re asymptomatic</a>). This is especially important if you’re going to be socialising in large groups or in contact with people who are vulnerable.</p> <p>Another situation in which to consider testing, particularly at this time of year, is before attending large social gatherings. While the reliability of a RAT is never perfect, do the test as close to the event as possible, because your disease status <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/omicron-rapid-test-hour-before-party-not-day-before-expert-2021-12">can change quickly</a>.</p> <h2>2. Should I test multiple times?</h2> <p>Yes. RATs are not as sensitive as PCR tests, which is the trade-off we make for being able to do this test at home and <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/public-health-officials-pursue-covid-19-tests-that-trade-precision-for-speed-11599562800">getting a rapid result</a>.</p> <p>This means that while if you test positive with a RAT you can be very confident you have COVID, if you test negative, you cannot be as confident that you don’t have COVID. That is, the test may give you a false negative result.</p> <p>Although RATs from different manufacturers have different accuracies, all RATs approved by Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration must have a sensitivity of <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-tests/covid-19-rapid-antigen-self-tests-home-use/covid-19-rapid-antigen-self-tests-are-approved-australia#:%7E:text=For%20rapid%20antigen%20tests%2C%20this,specificity%20of%20at%20least%2098%25.">at least 80%</a>.</p> <p>The way to increase your confidence in a negative result is to do multiple RATs serially – each negative test increases the confidence you can have that you don’t have COVID. If you have symptoms and have tested negative after your first RAT, <a href="https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/home-covid-19-antigen-tests-take-steps-reduce-your-risk-false-negative-results-fda-safety">the advice</a> is to repeat the test after 48 hours, and potentially a third time after another 48 hours if the second test is also negative.</p> <h2>3. Do RATs detect the latest variants?</h2> <p>Since RATs <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/covid-19/testing#:%7E:text=Rapid%20antigen%20tests%2C%20or%20RATs,of%20proteins%20of%20the%20virus.">detect particular surface proteins</a> on SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID), it’s theoretically possible that as the virus evolves, the reliability of these tests may be affected.</p> <p>However, RATs were designed to detect a part of the virus that is not as likely to mutate, so the hope is these tests <a href="https://www.health.com/do-covid-tests-work-new-variants-7967102">will continue to hold up</a> as SARS-CoV-2 evolves.</p> <p>The performance of RATs is continually being assessed by manufacturers. So far, there’s been no change reported in the ability of these tests to <a href="https://www.ama.com.au/articles/tga-updated-advice-rats-nearing-expiry-and-rats-efficacy-current-strains#:%7E:text=The%20TGA%20has%20received%20evidence,19%20RAT%20post%2Dmarket%20review.">detect the latest variants</a>.</p> <h2>4. Can I rely on expired RATs?</h2> <p>At this point in the pandemic, you might have a few expired tests at the back of your cupboard.</p> <p>Technically the most appropriate advice is to say you should never use a diagnostic test <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-tests/covid-19-rapid-antigen-self-tests-home-use/covid-19-rapid-antigen-self-tests-are-approved-australia">past its expiry date</a>. As a general principle the performance of a test cannot be guaranteed beyond this date. The risk is that over time the components of the RAT degrade and if you use a test that’s not working optimally, it’s more likely to indicate <a href="https://www.health.com/can-you-use-expired-covid-test-6827970">you don’t have COVID</a> when you actually do, which may have consequences.</p> <p>However, as for all things COVID, the answer is not so black and white. Since these tests were new when they were introduced earlier in the pandemic, manufacturers didn’t have specific data on their performance over time, and so the expiry dates given were necessarily conservative.</p> <p>It’s likely these tests will work beyond the expiry dates on the packet, but just how long and how well they work is a bit of an unknown, so we need to be cautious.</p> <p>The other thing to consider is ensuring you store RATs correctly. Storage instructions should be found on the packet, but the key issue is making sure they’re not exposed to extreme temperatures. In particular, <a href="https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/how-to-properly-store-your-at-home-covid-19-rapid-antigen-tests-c-5465412">high temperatures</a> may damage the chemicals in the test which may reduce its sensitivity.</p> <h2>The path from here</h2> <p>Regular upticks in COVID cases are something we’re going to have to get used to. At these times, we should all be a bit more cautious about looking after ourselves and others as we go about our lives. What this looks like will vary for different people depending on their personal circumstances.</p> <p>However, being up to date with <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-are-the-new-covid-booster-vaccines-can-i-get-one-do-they-work-are-they-safe-217804">booster vaccinations</a>, having a plan for <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/covid-19/oral-treatments">accessing antivirals</a> if you’re eligible, <a href="https://theconversation.com/with-covid-surging-should-i-wear-a-mask-217902">wearing masks</a> in high-risk settings and testing all continue to play an important role in responding to COVID.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/218016/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904"><em>Hassan Vally</em></a><em>, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/should-we-still-be-using-rats-to-test-for-covid-4-key-questions-answered-218016">original article</a>.</em></p>

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Uber driver shocked by elderly passenger's intrusive questions

<p>A young Aussie Uber driver has shared the moment he was grilled by an elderly female passenger with a line of very judgemental questions. </p> <p>James Bade, 23, regularly uploads dash-cam footage to social media from his Uber journeys with colourful characters.</p> <p>In a video he posted on Wednesday, Bade picks up an elderly female passenger, who quickly begins quizzing him about his schooling and career. </p> <p>The woman asks Bade what his Year 12 ATAR rank was, before judging his answer. </p> <p>"What was your score like at the end of the year?" the woman asked.</p> <p>"Uhh, not great," Bade awkwardly responded.</p> <p>The passenger then pressed further, asking if his mark was "70? 80?", with Bade stated he got "65".</p> <p>"You did s***", the woman bluntly said.</p> <p>"Yeah, but that's okay," Bade said, to which the passenger responded, "No, it's not okay. It's s***."</p> <p>Bade, who appeared momentarily stunned by the woman's brash assertions about his school results, told her that he gave his final tests "a good go", with the passenger saying, "You did not."</p> <div class="embed" style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: none !important;"><iframe class="embedly-embed" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;" title="tiktok embed" src="https://cdn.embedly.com/widgets/media.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiktok.com%2Fembed%2Fv2%2F7277944950711438599&amp;display_name=tiktok&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiktok.com%2F%40jamesbadeofficial%2Fvideo%2F7277944950711438599&amp;image=https%3A%2F%2Fp16-sign-sg.tiktokcdn.com%2Fobj%2Ftos-alisg-p-0037%2F65176828c7d846a09f542b7a8ccae59d_1694528612%3Fx-expires%3D1694826000%26x-signature%3DJ1LS93ofX1akA%252F3OHw4mxLNRhyI%253D&amp;key=59e3ae3acaa649a5a98672932445e203&amp;type=text%2Fhtml&amp;schema=tiktok" width="340" height="700" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></div> <p>Later on in the drive, she began questioning the young man about his career aspirations.</p> <p>Bade mentioned that he was "doing real estate for a few years" that gave him "some opportunities" but that he was happy being an Uber driver in the meantime.</p> <p>"Oh, God. Well you've gotta sort of get it together," the elderly passenger said.</p> <p>"It is together!" the young driver hit back. "I'm always chatting to new people and they're giving me new ideas for different things."</p> <p>The woman responded, "No it's not, my idea is to get it together."</p> <p>Bade posted the interaction to his TikTok account, as the video has quickly accumulated hundreds of thousands of views. </p> <p>Viewers were quick to praise Bade's patience with the elderly passenger, while slamming the woman's judgement of Bade's personal life decisions and her condescending attitude. </p> <p>"Nothing like an elderly alcoholic telling another person to get it together," one person commented.</p> <p>Another wrote, "I'm so sorry you had to deal with that...she's using your services and simultaneously looking down on it. It's insane. A job is a job."</p> <p>"You're so patient and calm with her, I would have kicked her out. Who gives her the right to judge?" added another.</p> <p><em>Image credits: TikTok</em></p>

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Eight key questions about lab-grown meat

<div class="copy"> <p>It’s been around for a decade now — but <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/podcast/lab-grown-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cultured meat</a> still faces some huge hurdles.</p> <p>On 5 August, it will be ten years since the world was introduced to <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23576143" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the first lab-grown burger</a>.</p> <p>A decade after its arrival, biotechnologist Professor Paul Wood answers eight key questions about cultured meat.</p> <h2>What is lab-grown meat?</h2> <p>Cultured meat, also colloquially referred to as lab-grown meat, is <a href="https://academic.oup.com/af/article/13/2/68/7123477" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the concept</a> of taking a biopsy from a living animal, selecting an individual cell type and growing these cells in large scale <a href="https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpcell.00408.2022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioreactors</a>.</p> <p>Technically, it’s a viable alternative to growing an animal to maturity before harvesting meat from its carcass.</p> <p>Multiple cell types can be used from animals, such as muscle, fat or <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Fibroblast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fibroblasts</a>.</p> <p>The initial stage of cell selection requires the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123745538002537" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creation of a cell line</a> which will grow continuously in a selective culture medium.</p> <h2>How long has it been around?</h2> <p>The technology for the culture of cells in laboratories has been used for many decades to produce drugs like <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/monoclonal-antibodies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monoclonal antibodies</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161866/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral vaccines</a>.</p> <p>The difference with cultured meat is the cells themselves are used to produce edible products rather than used as production systems for monoclonals or viral antigens.</p> <p>Cultured meat was first introduced back in 2013 with <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23576143" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the unveiling of the world’s first lab-grown burger</a>, which cost a whopping USD$330,000 to produce.</p> <p>The first commercial cultured meat product was <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55155741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a chicken nugget licensed in Singapore</a> in 2020.</p> <p><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lab-grown-meat-approved-for-sale-what-you-need-to-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">In June 2023</a>, the US Department of Agriculture granted two companies — Upside Foods and Good Meat — licences to sell chicken-based products.</p> <p>Significant excitement ensued in the food industry with <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ind.2021.29240.ctu?journalCode=ind" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predictions</a> that cultured meat will transform the meat industry by 2030.</p> <h2>Is lab-grown meat commercially viable?</h2> <p>Currently <a href="https://gfi.org/resource/cultivated-meat-eggs-and-dairy-state-of-the-industry-report/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">around USD$3 billion</a> has been invested in over 150 companies working on beef, chicken, pork, lamb and exotic cell-based products. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2023/03/woolly-mammoth-meatball-stunt-food-marketing/673578/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woolly mammoth meatball</a> anyone?</p> <p>Upside Foods has launched its <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/01/business/lab-grown-chicken-san-francisco/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new cell-based chicken product in a Michelin star restaurant</a>, but it is only available one night a month and the price has not been disclosed.</p> <p>Commercial success will require significant scaling in production, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bit.27848" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cost reductions</a> and consumer acceptance, or these products will be confined to niche markets for wealthy consumers.</p> <p>Cultured meat is unlikely to be the solution for the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/6/7/53" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasing protein needs of developing nations</a>.</p> <p>The <a href="https://academic.oup.com/af/article/13/2/68/7123477" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technical challenges</a> involve scaling up cell growth in over 10,000 litre fermentation vessels, while significantly reducing the cost of cell-culture media, the capital cost of equipment and the operating cost of high-quality sterile biocontainment facilities.</p> <p>It has been estimated that the cost of production of cultured meat <a href="https://cedelft.eu/publications/tea-of-cultivated-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">must be reduced by over 1,000-fold</a> to match that of conventional meat production.</p> <p>Proponents of cultured meat like to quote the concept of <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/moores-law" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moore’s law</a> that predicts that the cost of all new technology will be significantly reduced with time. However this law has never been applied to a biological system that has innate growth limits.</p> <h2>Is it good for you — and does it taste okay?</h2> <p>Currently <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20061-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">all cultured meats are hybrid or blended products</a>, in which the harvested cell paste — the meat component — is combined with plant-based materials, plus vitamins and minerals to produce burgers, meatballs, sausages and dumplings.</p> <p>Yes, you have to add the vitamins in, and no, you can’t make a steak with it yet.</p> <p>From a commercial perspective this is important, as cultured meat products will compete in the commodity meat market.</p> <p>Cultured meat does not produce a three-dimensional steak with multiple cell types and complex taste and texture.</p> <p>However, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanabandoim/2021/02/12/worlds-first-3d-bioprinted-and-cultivated-ribeye-steak-is-revealed/?sh=4b6baf0a4781" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">there are companies</a> aiming to develop whole cuts of meat using 3D printing and bioengineering technology.</p> <h2>What is the motivation to produce cell-cultured meat?</h2> <p>The drivers for cultured meat are that <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-05-06/vegan-alternative-plant-based-meat-grown-in-lab/9726436" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals are not slaughtered</a>, there can be less land and water usage and less greenhouse gases are produced than conventional meat production, particularly from ruminants like cattle and sheep.</p> <p>A lower manufacturing footprint is a terrific plus. And not killing animals is something a lot of people advocate for, but until cultured meat has been scaled significantly, it won’t be known if it’s really better for the planet or for humans.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2022/04/21/cultivated-meat-upside-foods-closes-400m-series-c-round-to-support-commercial-scale-plant-with-production-capacity-of-tens-of-millions-of-pounds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">largest facility built so far</a> is a pilot plant in the USA that aims to produce around 1,000 pounds (approximately 450 kilograms) of product per week, which is equivalent to the dressed weight of three carcasses — what a single suburban butcher processes in one day.</p> <h2>Will it be expensive to buy?</h2> <p>The taste and texture of food is critical to consumers — but so is value for money. So, it’s not surprising <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/mapped-meat-consumption-by-country-and-type/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chicken is the dominant choice of meat</a> currently.</p> <p>With high-end lab-grown meat products, both taste and texture can most likely be matched, and with supplementation with vitamins like B12 it should be possible to make cultured meat nutritionally equivalent to its traditional counterpart too.</p> <p>However, cost will be a major challenge and sales data indicated that <a href="https://www.freshplaza.com/oceania/article/9535792/consumers-are-not-willing-to-pay-more-for-sustainability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumers will not pay any significant premium for slaughter-free or more sustainable products</a>.</p> <h2>Who wants to eat meat grown in a factory?</h2> <p>There are also questions around who the consumers will be for cultured meat.</p> <p>Vegans avoid animal products, vegetarians often reject the taste of meat and this new group of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224421003952" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flexitarians</a>, while interested in trying new products, are seldom converted to <a href="https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2021/11/16/What-do-flexitarian-consumers-want-Plant-based-innovation-opportunities-revealed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regular customers</a>.</p> <p>In the US at least, this is one of the reasons that the many plant-based meat products have only captured <a href="https://gfi.org/marketresearch/#plant-based-meat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.3 percent of the meat market</a>.</p> <p>It is also likely that plant-based products will be a <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/alternative-proteins-the-race-for-market-share-is-on" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">major competitor</a> to these new cultured meat products.</p> <h2>Who will be next to approve cell-cultured meat?</h2> <p>While the first cultured meat products have been licensed in Singapore and the US, it is expected more will follow from other regions.</p> <p>Even though <a href="https://www.fao.org/food-safety/scientific-advice/crosscutting-and-emerging-issues/cell-based-food/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a recent FAO report</a> identified over 50 potential health risks with cultured meat, it concluded that the overall risk was not greater than that seen with conventional meat products.</p> <p>There could be delays in Europe due to the conservative regulatory approach taken in the EU. In Australia, products are <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2023-06-27/cultured-lab-meat-to-sell-in-australia-to-rival-plant-based-meat/102527330" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expected to be approved in 2024</a>.</p> <p>For now though? Well, the message to Aussie meat producers is … don’t sell the farm.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> </div> <div id="contributors"> <p><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/nutrition/explainer-lab-grown-meat/">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="null">Cosmos</a>. </em></p> </div>

Food & Wine

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‘Existential questions’: is this the beginning of the end of the Commonwealth Games?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hunter-fujak-290599">Hunter Fujak</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/damien-whitburn-1455572">Damien Whitburn</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p>Premier Daniel Andrews announced on Tuesday that the Victorian government has withdrawn from its commitment to host the 2026 Commonwealth Games, citing an anticipated cost blowout from an original estimate of A$2.6 billion to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall">over $6-$7 billion</a>.</p> <p>Commonwealth Games Australia chief executive Craig Phillips described the decision as “beyond disappointing”. Phillips questions the government’s figures, <a href="https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/2023/07/18/commonwealth-games-federation/">saying that the</a> cost of running the Gold Coast event in 2018 was $1.2 billion and the 2022 Birmingham Games was $1.8 billion.</p> <p>The government said existing funding set aside for the games will remain invested in regional projects intended to create an event “legacy”.</p> <p>Aside from the viability of the 2026 event, Victoria pulling out of hosting the event raises the broader question of whether the Commonwealth Games will survive.</p> <h2>How has this happened?</h2> <p>Victoria secured the Commonwealth Games in April 2022 with a unique multi-region model that sought to bring the event to regional Victoria.</p> <p>Despite the obvious risks and costs associated with decentralising a major event away from pre-existing infrastructure in Melbourne, Andrews <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/victoria-confirms-bid-for-2026-commonwealth-games-20220216-p59wvp.html">noted</a> at bid submission that "Victoria is Australia’s sporting state, and, if awarded the 2026 Commonwealth Games would demonstrate to the world a new way to deliver the competition."</p> <p>Andrews made clear the decision to withdraw was entirely financial, stating that the new estimated cost of potentially over $7 billion “does not represent value for money”.</p> <p>When pressed at his media conference to provide accountability as to how his government’s costing could have been so grossly inaccurate, Andrews said that certain event costs were unforeseeable.</p> <p>"What could not be reasonably foreseen, and was not foreseen, was the costs incurred in terms of services, security, transport […] there were estimates that were made and those estimates are clearly well and truly under the actual cost."</p> <p>The Commonwealth Games Federation and Commonwealth Games Australia dispute these costs estimates. They <a href="https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3594069/response-to-victoria-government-2026-commonwealth-game-host-withdrawal">signalled</a> the blame for any cost overruns lies with the Victorian government.</p> <p>"The numbers quoted to us today of $6 billion are 50% more than those advised to the Organising Committee board at its meeting in June."</p> <p>:Since awarding Victoria the Games, the Government has made decisions to include more sports and an additional regional hub, and changed plans for venues, all of which have added considerable expense, often against the advice of the Commonwealth Games Federation and Commonwealth Games Australia."</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Bit of a long one this morning.</p> <p>You might have heard the news this morning that Victoria will no longer be hosting the 2026 Commonwealth Games.</p> <p>And I wanted to tell you about the decision.</p> <p>— Dan Andrews (@DanielAndrewsMP) <a href="https://twitter.com/DanielAndrewsMP/status/1681087774110384128?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 17, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <h2>The implications</h2> <p>The decision to withdraw from hosting the event will still incur costs. This includes pre-existing costs related to staffing contracts, renting premises and marketing, as well as to-be-determined contractual break costs as negotiated with the Commonwealth Games Federation.</p> <p>The financial costs of the withdrawal, however, may pale against the longer-term reputational damage done to Victoria and perhaps Australia more broadly.</p> <p>This decision may also damage Andrews’ reputation. In proposing an untested regional games delivery model, it was incumbent on the government to adopt a particularly rigorous process to ensure the the event’s viability, which does not appear to have been done.</p> <h2>Is Victoria still Australia’s ‘sporting capital’?</h2> <p>Victoria has long proclaimed itself Australia’s (and even the world’s) <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.143058285756777">sporting capital</a>. The state has developed an unparalleled portfolio of major sport events since the 1980s, and become a global exemplar in executing major events in the process.</p> <p>But withdrawing from the 2026 Commonwealth Games arguably represents Australia’s most prominent sporting failure of the past half-century, and is a significant reputational blow to Victoria’s sporting pre-eminence.</p> <p>What’s more, in an <a href="https://inqld.com.au/news/2023/07/12/take-that-melbourne-brisbane-now-rated-as-australias-sports-capital/">annual global ranking of sport cities</a> published last month, before the Commonwealth Games decision, Brisbane (15th) leapfrogged Melbourne (23rd) and Sydney (44th) to become Australia’s top ranked.</p> <p>Brisbane’s success isn’t only attributable to its impending hosting of the 2032 Olympics. Its ranking also recognises that the FIFA Women’s World Cup is being played predominantly in the north-east Australian states due to <a href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/sport/soccer/not-a-realistic-option-why-the-matildas-aren-t-playing-at-the-mcg-20230717-p5doxk.html">stadium challenges</a> associated with <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/dec/03/melbourne-falls-short-in-womens-world-cup-venue-allocation">AFL-orientated</a> Victoria.</p> <p>Meanwhile, South Australia’s recent sporting successes include the hosting of <a href="https://www.afl.com.au/news/906620/afl-to-gather-round-again-in-sa-for-next-three-years">AFL Gather Round</a>, LIV Golf and recent procurement of the <a href="https://supernetball.com.au/news/location-2024-ssn-grand-final-revealed#:%7E:text=Adelaide%20will%20host%20the%202024,at%20the%20Adelaide%20Entertainment%20Centre.">2024 Super Netball</a> final from Victoria.</p> <p>Victoria’s grip on the “sports capital” title is increasingly tenuous.</p> <h2>The end of the Commonwealth Games?</h2> <p>Perhaps the most critical question is the viability not only of the 2026 Games, but also the broader Commonwealth Games movement.</p> <p>Victoria’s withdrawal continues a trend of recent instability. In 2017, the South African city of <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-games-commonwealth-durban-idUSKBN16K1UN">Durban</a> was stripped of 2022 hosting rights for a failure to meet key obligations around governance, venues and funding.</p> <p>However, whereas the Commonwealth Games Federation had just under 2,000 days to secure a replacement host for 2022, Victoria’s withdrawal has occurred only 973 days prior to the start of the event.</p> <p>The movement’s broader existence is perilous given there’s a shrinking pool of host cities. Victoria was the <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html">only formal applicant</a> for the 2026 edition.</p> <p>This is a challenge faced by large sporting events more broadly, with potential applicants <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sport-Management-in-Australia-Organisation-Development-and-Global-Perspectives/Karg-Shilbury-Phillips-Rowe-Fujak/p/book/9781032330242?_ga=1233395845.1684800000">increasingly wary</a> of the significant costs.</p> <p>Even the summer and winter Olympic Games have increasingly struggled to attract applicants. This resulted in the <a href="https://olympics.com/ioc/2024-2028-host-city-election">unprecedented</a> move to simultaneously award the 2024 and 2028 summer games to Paris and Los Angeles in 2017 – normally the summer games are awarded to one city at a time.</p> <p>With seemingly little global appetite to host the event, and broader cultural discussions in Australia and abroad surrounding the role of the monarchy, existential questions surround the Commonwealth Games movement.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209961/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hunter-fujak-290599">Hunter Fujak</a>, Lecturer in Sport Management, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/damien-whitburn-1455572">Damien Whitburn</a>, Lecturer, Sport Management, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/existential-questions-is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-commonwealth-games-209961">original article</a>.</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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“How do you pay someone for 20 years?”: Folbigg’s big compensation question

<p>Since her <a href="https://www.oversixty.co.nz/news/news/kathleen-folbigg-pardoned-after-20-years-behind-bars" target="_blank" rel="noopener">release from prison</a>, Kathleen Folbigg has been the centre of a media frenzy, with networks battling it out to secure an exclusive tell-all interview.</p> <p>Following a fierce bidding war, Seven Network has won the rights over Nine for the interview believed to have cost more than $400,000.</p> <p>A source from Seven said the exclusive interview will be aired on the Sunday evening current affairs show, <em>7News Spotlight</em>.</p> <p>Others have proposed the deal has cost the network close to $1 million.</p> <p>The deal could see her on the list of select few Australians awarded seven-figure sums in light of their wrongful convictions, including Linda Chamberlain.</p> <p>Chamberlain’s lawyer Stuart Tipple said Folbigg needs to be declared innocent and be given compensation for her years in prison, noting she had a solid case.</p> <p>“The sad thing is all she can get is money, how do you pay someone for 20 years?” he said.</p> <p>“And also, I think we need to reflect on an injustice just doesn’t affect Kathleen.</p> <p>“I feel tonight very much for her husband and the father of those children and the injustice that just affects so many people, so many lives.</p> <p>“I feel very, very badly for him tonight and I just think of the whole process of just how harmful it is to them and to our society and our confidence in the whole judicial system.”</p> <p>Robyn Blewer, director of the Griffith University Innocence Project, noted two recent cases to illustrate how Folbigg could be compensated for her 7,300 days in jail.</p> <p>West Australian man Scott Austic received $1.3 million in May 2023 on top of an earlier payment of $250,000 after serving nearly 13 years for murdering his pregnant secret lover.</p> <p>He had sought $8.5 million after being acquitted on appeal in 2020.</p> <p>Both payments were ex gratis, unlike David Eastman’s award of $7 million in damages by the ACT Supreme Court in 2019.</p> <p>Eastman served almost 19 years over the 1989 shooting murder of federal police assistance commissioner Colin Winchester, where he was acquitted at a second trial.</p> <p>"The difference is it was in ACT which has a human rights act and under that, there is an entitlement for compensation under human rights," Dr Blewer told AAP.</p> <p>"Mr Eastman was then able to sue because there was a right to compensation.</p> <p>"The court assessed his damages in the same way they would a tort ... the court went through every time he was injured.”</p> <p>Like Austic, Chamberlain was awarded an ex grata or grace payment. She was awarded $1.3 million in 1992 which now equates to about $3 million.</p> <p>Folbigg will need specific legal advice about whether a civil claim is possible due to NSW lacking a human rights act like that of the ACT.</p> <p>Dr Blewer said she could become reliant on what the government was willing to pay.</p> <p>"Twenty years is a substantial amount of time lost," she said.</p> <p>"It might depend on the good grace of the NSW government."</p> <p>No further steps can be taken until Folbigg’s lawyers obtain the final report of former Chief Justice Tom Bathurst.</p> <p>An application to the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal to quash her convictions will likely follow.</p> <p><em>Image credit: Facebook / Instagram</em></p>

Legal

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5 common questions about cruising with grandchildren

<p>Travelling with your grandchildren can be a rewarding experience. By the same token though if you're not properly prepared it can be quite a trying experience. In many ways that's why cruising is such a great option for family holidays.</p> <p>With everything taken care of a lot of the problems that normally come with travelling with children simply don't exist. In case you need a little more convincing, here's the answers to five of the most common questions about cruising with grandchildren.</p> <p><strong>1. Will our grandkids get bored?</strong> Cruise lines are becoming increasingly family friendly and incorporating a range of activities all the kiddies will enjoy. Some cruise lines offer kids clubs which are dedicated spaces with camp-like programming, others have activities like scavenger hunts, cooking classes and sports tournaments.</p> <p><strong>2. Will our grandchildren be able to eat the meals?</strong> On bigger cruise ships most menus have a kids menu that caters to children’s tastes and buffet usually has a range of kid-friendly options that will have your grandchildren happy enough.</p> <p><strong>3. Can grandkids bring their portable game devices aboard?</strong> Most cruise lines are more than accommodating when it comes to things like portable video game players, tablets, e-book readers and computers. There are generally also game systems set up in kids clubs for your children to enjoy.</p> <p><strong>4. Will my grandchildren be safe in common areas?</strong> Generally yes, but it’s also important to be responsible. Consider cruise ships like mini-floating cities carrying thousands of people you do not know at any one time. So it stands to reason that you’re doing yourself a huge favour by taking the general precautions that you’d take elsewhere.</p> <p><strong>5. Is it worth taking my grandchildren on a cruise?</strong> Of course it is! Travel is the only purchase in life that makes you richer, as they say, and instilling a thirst for travel in your grandchildren is a gift that sees their possibilities expand. And cruising really is one of the safest, most convenient ways to show your grandchildren the world.</p> <p><em>Images: Getty</em></p>

Cruising

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Prince Harry’s "dangerous paparazzi pursuit" called into question

<p>Photo agency Backgrid has spoken out against claims the Duke and Duchess of Sussex and Meghan’s mum, Doria Ragland were involved in a “near catastrophic car chase” with paparazzi after attending an awards ceremony in New York.</p> <p>"At BACKGRID USA Inc., we value transparency and ethics in journalism, which include providing fair and factual responses to claims," Backgrid's statement reads.</p> <p>"We are aware of Prince Harry's statement regarding an alleged 'near catastrophic car chase' involving himself, Meghan Markle, and her mother, in New York City on Tuesday night.”</p> <p>"We want to clarify that we have received photos and videos of last night's events from four freelance photographers, three of whom were in cars and one of whom was riding a bicycle,” the statement continues.</p> <p>"It is important to note that these photographers have a professional responsibility to cover newsworthy events and personalities, including public figures such as Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.”</p> <p>Backgrid went on to say that according to the accounts given to them by the freelance photographers, they were covering Harry and Meghan’s time in New York City, which included a potential dinner following the awards ceremony.</p> <p>"They had no intention of causing any distress or harm, as their only tool was their cameras. A few of the photos even show Meghan Markle smiling inside a cab," the statement says.</p> <p>"The photographers report that one of the four SUVs from Prince Harry's security escort was driving in a manner that could be perceived as reckless,” it says.</p> <p>"The vehicle was seen blocking off streets, and in one video, it is shown being pulled over by the police," Backgrid reports in the statement.</p> <p>"We understand that Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's security detail had a job to do, and we respect their work," it continues.</p> <p>"We do, however, want to point out that according to the photographers present, there were no near-collisions or near crashes during this incident. The photographers have reported feeling that the couple was not in immediate danger at any point.”</p> <p>The alleged car chase occurred on May 17 after the trio attended the Women in Vision Awards, hosted at the Ziegfeld Ballroom.</p> <p>"Last night, The Duke and Duchess of Sussex and Ms Ragland were involved in a near catastrophic car chase at the hands of a ring of highly aggressive paparazzi," a spokesperson for the couple said in a statement.</p> <p>"This relentless pursuit, lasting over two hours, resulted in multiple near collisions involving other drivers on the road, pedestrians and two NYPD officers.</p> <p>"While being a public figure comes with a level of interest from the public, it should never come at the cost of anyone's safety.</p> <p>"Dissemination of these images, given the ways in which they were obtained, encourages a highly intrusive practice that is dangerous to all in involved.”</p> <p>It was alleged the incident involved a half-dozen vehicles with blacked out windows and included some individuals driving the footpath, running red lights and reversing down a one-way street.</p> <p>The New York Police Department (NYPD) released a short statement, dubbing it a “transport challenge”.</p> <p>"The NYPD assisted the private security team protecting the Duke and Duchess of Sussex," they said.</p> <p>"There were numerous photographers that made their transport challenging.</p> <p>"The Duke and Duchess of Sussex arrived at their destination and there were no reported collisions, summonses, injuries, or arrests in regard.”</p> <p>New York City Mayor Eric Adams said he was yet to receive a full briefing but labelled the pursuit as “reckless and irresponsible”, comparing it to Princess Diana’s 1997 death in a Paris car crash after being chased by paparazzi.</p> <p>"You shouldn't be speeding anywhere, but this is a densely populated city, and I think all of us, I don't think there's many of us who don't recall how his mum died," Adams told reporters when asked about the incident.</p> <p>"It's clear that the paparazzi want to get the right shot, they want to get the right story, but public safety must always be at the forefront," Adams said.</p> <p>A member of the Sussexes’ security team, Chris Sanchez, referred to the incident as “chaotic” in an interview with <em>CNN’s</em> Max Foster.</p> <p>"I have never seen, experienced anything like this," he said. "What we were dealing with was very chaotic. There were about a dozen vehicles: cars, scooters and bicycles.”</p> <p>He also said the couple were scared but relieved when they returned to the apartment where they were staying, which is believed to be a friend’s private residence.</p> <p>"The public were in jeopardy at several points. It could have been fatal," Sachez said.</p> <p>A local law enforcement source also corroborated some of the Sussexes’ reports to<em> CNN</em>.</p> <p>They said a group of paparazzi in cars, motorcycles and scooters followed the trio as they left the ceremony, where Meghan had accepted an award from the Ms Foundation, alongside Black Voters Matter co-founder LaTosha Brown.</p> <p>Footage on social media showed Harry, Meghan and Ragland all leaving the Manhattan venue through the public exit, with lights flashing intensely as they got into a waiting SUV with cheering crowds behind barriers waving them off.</p> <p>Another video posted by <em>TMZ</em> saw the couple in a yellow New York City cab, stuck in traffic several blocks away from the venue, as photographers recorded them through the windows. The taxi was being escorted by NYPD vehicles with flashing lights.</p> <p>However, the taxi driver Sukhcharn Singh seemingly refutes the claims of a “near catastrophic car chase”.</p> <p>Singh told <em>The Washington Post</em> he drove "Harry, Meghan, an older Black woman and one security guard" for a brief period, believed to be about 10 minutes.</p> <p>“I don’t think I would call it a chase,” Singh said. “I never felt like I was in danger. It wasn’t like a car chase in a movie.</p> <p>“They were quiet and seemed scared but it’s New York – it’s safe.”</p> <p>Singh did confirm the trio were being followed.</p> <p>“They kept following us and were coming next to the car. They took pictures as we stopped and were filming us.”</p> <p>When asked by the <em>BBC</em> if there was a “near-catastrophic chase”, he said, “I don’t think that’s true. I think that’s all exaggerated.”</p> <p>Singh later spoke on Piers Morgan’s <em>Sky News Australia</em> program <em>Uncensored</em> and gave more insight into what happened when the royals and Ms Ragland got into his cab.</p> <p>He said they were about to inform him of their destination address before paparazzi surrounded his vehicle, which was being followed by a police escort.</p> <p>“Prince Harry and his wife and another lady jumped into my cab. And they seemed very nervous,” he said.</p> <p>“We went a block, we were blocked by a [garbage] truck and then all of a sudden paparazzi just came out of nowhere and flashes just went off.</p> <p>“They were just about to say the location where they were going to go but then the paparazzis came and the security guard said, ‘Hey listen – just circle back to the precinct’.”</p> <p>Singh said he spent about 15 minutes with the royals who paid him a $US50 tip on top of the $US17 fare.</p> <p>“I’ve had other celebrities in my cab as well but this one, they completely surrounded the car and just went crazy with the camera,” he said.</p> <p>“We just went around the block and two cars were tailing us, behind us, with the camera and that was it.</p> <p>“I don’t know what they went through, right, because I only had interaction with them for 15 minutes and they seemed very nervous when they were in my cab.”</p> <p>When asked whether it was a two-hour car chase, Singh responded, “That must have happened before me.”</p> <p><em>Image credit: Getty</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Learn to think like a plant: four questions to think about if you want to keep your houseplants healthy

<p><em>You don’t drown by falling into the water; you drown by staying there (Edwin Louis Cole).</em></p> <p>I’d say most potted orchid deaths arise from drowned roots. Conversely, I’ve seen people desiccate cacti believing they don’t need water. True, I scarcely water mine for six months in the year, but in high summer I water them weekly. My potted orchids instead enjoy a good shower all year round. </p> <p>Houseplants all have their likes and dislikes. But once you know the rules of thumb, there are few homes in which you can’t grow a plant well.</p> <p>I’m a botanist and my work takes me all over the world in pursuit of plants. Seeing a plant in the wild helps you understand how it is adapted to a given environment and how you can recreate that environment in your home. When I bring a new plant into my home, I ask: how would you grow in nature? And where would you be happiest? </p> <p>The roots of <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/phalaenopsis/growing-guide">Phalaenopsis</a> (a popular indoor orchid) cling to tree branches in the wild. An orchid’s roots need air around them and they cannot withstand sitting in water. But showering the orchid regularly and allowing the water to drain freely mimics a tropical rainstorm, so it suits the plant perfectly.</p> <p>In a rainforest in the Philippines, I once saw an <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/912/alocasia/details">Alocasia</a> (a popular foliage plant with striking veins) growing just metres from a <a href="https://www.rhsplants.co.uk/plants/_/asplenium-nidus/classid.2000028174/">bird’s-nest-fern</a> (another houseplant with glossy green fronds). </p> <p>The Alocasia was growing on the shady forest floor and the bird’s-nest-fern was sprouting from the fork of a tree above it. The Alocasia likes filtered light, and much like orchids, the bird’s-nest-fern enjoys good drainage.</p> <p>To grow a houseplant well, you must learn to think like a plant. So, here are my top tips for keeping your houseplants healthy.</p> <h2>1. Where should your plant go?</h2> <p>There’s a bewildering variety of plants available now that <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp3.10257">houseplants are taking over our homes</a>. But it’s good to remember the old adage “right plant, right place”. </p> <p>It’s no good growing a cactus in a shady corner – it simply won’t work. Start with the conditions you have in your home and go from there.</p> <p>A bright, humid place such as a kitchen or bathroom windowsill is perfect for most tropical or subtropical houseplants. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/types/cacti-succulents">Cacti and succulents</a>, which are adapted to live in deserts, instead need as much sunlight as possible all year round.</p> <p>Many houseplants also thrive on a spell outdoors – typically from June to August. I place my succulents outside against a warm wall during summer. </p> <p>But avoid moving a plant into full sun too quickly. Even a <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/banana/growing-guide">banana plant</a>, which flourishes under tropical sun, can scorch if you change its conditions too abruptly.</p> <h2>2. When and how should you water?</h2> <p>Plants generally prefer liberal watering in the summer months when they’re growing actively, and far less in the winter. Taking this to extremes, I keep cacti and succulents in an unheated greenhouse and do not water them at all from October to April. Desert nights are cold, so many of these plants are surprisingly cold-hardy when dry. </p> <p>By contrast, I keep a large <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/140276/monstera/details">Swiss cheese plant</a> in a shady corner, and water it fortnightly in winter and weekly in summer. Like people, it thrives on routine. </p> <p>But even then, it’s important to water all of your plants with lukewarm – and never cold – water. This enhances absorption and avoids temperature-shock. Using body temperature (37℃) water is a good rule of thumb.</p> <p>Carnivorous plants, such as the <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/5893/i-dionaea-muscipula-i/details">Venus flytrap</a>, that derive their nutrients from trapping and consuming insects instead need rain. They hate tap water.</p> <h2>3. Should you feed them?</h2> <p>Most houseplants will plod along with little or no supplementary plant food (such as a liquid fertiliser). But some, including foliage plants like <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/95720/ficus-elastica/details">rubber figs</a> and Swiss cheese plants, will prosper if you do decide to feed them. </p> <p>This is best given in the summer months when the plants are growing actively. I use tomato feed for just about all my houseplants in the summer. But the feed is very diluted for some plants, such as orchids, that can be sensitive to over-feeding. </p> <p>Tomato feed for houseplants isn’t conventional but it works for me. Garden centres instead sell concentrated liquid feed specific for potted houseplants. </p> <h2>4. When to repot?</h2> <p>Many houseplants can withstand the same pot for a surprisingly long time, especially slow and steady growers like cacti. But if you keep foliage plants in warm conditions – particularly in homes with underfloor heating – they’re likely to need repotting regularly to avoid drying out. </p> <p>When repotting, choose one or two pot sizes up. This allows for root space, but avoids an excess of stagnant compost.</p> <p>It’s also important to use the right compost. Most plants do well in multipurpose compost – but not all. </p> <p>Orchids prefer “orchid bark” that provides drainage and allows plenty of air around the roots. Carnivorous plants require specialist compost because they object to the high concentrations of nutrients formulated in multipurpose. And keep things green by avoiding peat – destroying peat bogs to make garden compost <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-022-01900-8">is environmentally damaging</a>.</p> <p>To allow your houseplants to flourish further, top-dress your pots with grit or shingle. This will keep <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/fungus-gnats">fungus gnats</a> (those pesky little black flies) at bay.</p> <p>People often tell me they struggle to keep their houseplants alive. But keeping a thriving indoor thicket need not be difficult. Learning which plants to choose, how best to water and feed them, and how regularly they need repotting will all help to keep your indoor plants healthy.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/learn-to-think-like-a-plant-five-questions-to-think-about-if-you-want-to-keep-your-houseplants-healthy-204291" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

Home & Garden

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6 questions you must ask yourself before downsizing

<p>For many people, retirement is the time to downsize from the family home to a smaller dwelling. It’s a big decision so before you take the plunge, first ask yourself these six questions to ensure you make an informed choice.</p> <p><strong>1. How much will I save moving to a smaller home?</strong></p> <p>A big reason to downsize is to save money, but you might not always save as much as you think when you really drilldown into the costs. Carefully compare the costs of your potential new dwelling with how much you’re spending now. Consider everything including the price of the house, maintenance, utilities, transport, entertainment and food.</p> <p><strong>2. Will the new neighbourhood fit my lifestyle needs?</strong></p> <p>When people retire their needs change; they no longer need to live in an area close to work or near good schools, for example. With this new change, you will have to work out what your new needs might be, and take that into consideration when looking for a place. Downsizing isn’t just about the house but the type of neighbourhood you want to live in.</p> <p><strong>3. How much longer will I be able to maintain my current home?</strong></p> <p>As you age, you might find that you’re not able to maintain a big house with a big garden as well as you once did. If those little maintenance projects are taking much longer than usual, it could be time to downsize. A house takes very little time to fall into disrepair, which means the property loses vales. It’s a smart idea to sell a house when you are able to make it looks its best.</p> <p><strong>4. What will I bring with me and what will I lose?</strong></p> <p>The reality of a smaller place is that there will be less space to put your things. For many people, the hardest part of downsizing is decluttering, so do the mental preparation of deciding what you’re going to bin (or give to charities) before you actually move – otherwise you might end up bringing too much with you. You will have to make some tough, sometimes emotional, decisions but don’t let your “things” hold you back from moving forward.</p> <p><strong>5. How is your health and your partner’s health?</strong></p> <p>It’s always best to move when you’re fit and able rather than being forced to by circumstances later down the track. And even though you’re healthy now, you need to consider your future health needs when deciding on a new home. Will you always be able to navigate the stairs or mow the lawn? Is the place close to medical care? Is the neighbourhood senior-friendly? These are just a few questions to think through.</p> <p><strong>6. How close will family and friends be?</strong></p> <p>As people age, it’s common for social circles to shrink so in retirement, it’s more important than ever to keep socially active. Therefore, it’s crucial to factor in social connections and activities into your move. How close will family and friends be from your new place? Does your new neighbourhood have activities for retirees? Are there opportunities to make new friends and discover new activities? While retirement planning mostly focuses on finances, your emotional and social needs are just as important and should be carefully considered.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Home Hints & Tips

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Flight attendants answer frequently asked flying questions

<p dir="ltr">A flight attendant has shared the answers to a series of every traveller’s burning questions about air travel. </p> <p dir="ltr">In a video shared to TikTok, Virgin Australia crew member Brodie Capron answered commonly asked questions about why carry-on bags have a weight limit and why the window shades have such strict limits. </p> <p dir="ltr">According to Capron, the reasoning behind why carry-on bags can only weigh so much is pretty simple. </p> <p dir="ltr">"That's because the overhead lockers can only hold so much weight," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr">The Melbourne-based cabin crew member also explained why the window shades need to be up for take off and landing, and it has nothing to do with helping your eyes adjust.</p> <p dir="ltr">"It's so that everyone can see the engines and warn the cabin crew if something is wrong," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr">Capron also debunked a common plane myth, ensuring nervous passengers that the water on planes is indeed “safe to drink”. </p> <p dir="ltr">"It is filtered and it is clean," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr">For those who like to enjoy a drink or two while travelling, Capron did confirm that you can in fact get 'more' drunk when flying.</p> <p dir="ltr">"[It's] because of the lower oxygen percentage in the air, the effects of alcohol are greater," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr">"So make sure you make good choices when you're flying."</p> <p dir="ltr">Her video has received over half a million views with many people thanking her for finally answering their burning questions about flying. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p>

Travel Tips

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Five vital questions to ask yourself before booking your next cruise

<p dir="ltr">When it comes to booking your next holiday on the seas, there are a few vital questions to consider before setting sail. </p> <p dir="ltr">It isn't uncommon to be lured in by a seemingly great sale fare, but taking a minute to contemplate the best arrangement for you could stop you making an expensive mistake. </p> <p dir="ltr">Who you go with, where you go, and when you set sail can all greatly impact the quality of your holiday, so ask yourself these questions before you pack your bags. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Who am I travelling with?</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Picking your travel companions can make or break your holiday, as who you decide to set sail with can drastically change where and when you go. </p> <p dir="ltr">For example if you're travelling with young children, that will rule out most expeditions to Antarctica, as most cruise lines recommend children be at least eight years of age to head to the icy South Pole. </p> <p dir="ltr">If the holiday is a venture for the whole family, most cruise lines advertise which journeys are more kid-friendly, with entertainment onboard for people of all ages.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Where am I going?</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">While there are many spectacular destinations on every cruise lover's bucket list, there are others that require a little more consideration. </p> <p dir="ltr">Do you prefer something tropical featuring a beach-heavy itinerary or fancy something cool climate with plenty of adventure? What was the last holiday you truly enjoyed and what did you love about it? What are you keen to avoid (bustling cities, plenty of days at sea etc)?</p> <p dir="ltr">Once you narrow down what kind of holiday you’re looking for, it’s time to shortlist potential destinations that will tick your every box. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>How much is it going to cost me?</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">The first thing every traveller must do before making holiday plans is figuring out how much money you have, and what you are willing to spend.</p> <p dir="ltr">Writing down a budget and designating certain costs is a sure fire way to keep on top of your spending, such as allocating set figures for transport, accommodation, daily spending and luxuries. </p> <p dir="ltr">While you're working out your budget, it's also a good idea to research the cost of meals, drinks, activities and transport at the ports the cruise will be visiting. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>What do I want to spend my time onboard doing?</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Whether you're into golf, felines, death metal, food or general nudity, you can rest assured there's a cruise for you out there.</p> <p dir="ltr">Many cruise lines have started operating themed cruises to match the very niche interests of every traveller, while still giving holidaymakers the chance to see the world with like minded people. </p> <p dir="ltr">Simply Google 'cruise' and your particular interest and prepare to be amazed at what's out there. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Is cruising the best holiday for me?</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">If you've never cruised before, you might be feeling uncertain if you're the kind of person who'll enjoy a cruise. </p> <p dir="ltr">While there's certainly a cruise for every person, whether that be river cruising through Europe or adventures in the Arctic Circle, it's probably not the best idea to book in for a 24-day voyage if you're unsure you'll enjoy it. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Cruising

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"Where's mum?" Sea World helicopter crash survivor's heart-breaking question

<p dir="ltr">The husband of a mother who tragically died in the Sea World helicopter crash has shared the heart-breaking question his son Nicholas asked him when he awoke from his coma. </p> <p dir="ltr">Vanessa Tadros and her 10-year-old son were on the aircraft when it collided with another on January 2nd, as the crash claimed the life of Vanessa and three others. </p> <p dir="ltr">Nicholas miraculously survived the accident, and has spent the last seven weeks in intensive care recovering from life-altering injuries. </p> <p dir="ltr">After being in an induced coma, Nicholas awoke and asked his father Simon a question he had been dreading.</p> <p dir="ltr">“He said, ‘Where’s mum?’” Simon told Ally Langdon during an emotional interview on <em><a href="https://9now.nine.com.au/a-current-affair/ally-langdon-speaks-about-her-emotional-interview-with-father-simon-tadros-about-sea-world-chopper-crash/af847866-bb2f-42be-8a15-d20d06a0c685">A Current Affair</a></em>. </p> <p dir="ltr">“I said she was in the crash with you.”</p> <p dir="ltr">“He said, ‘Yeah, I know, but where’s mum?’ I said, ‘Baby boy, mum had to go to Jesus.’”</p> <p dir="ltr">“And he just turned his head and closed his eyes,” bringing Ally Langdon to tears.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HelpingNicky?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#HelpingNicky</a>: A heartbroken father recalls the final moments before his wife was killed and son was critically injured in the Gold Coast helicopter crash.</p> <p>See the full story, TONIGHT on A Current Affair.<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/9ACA?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#9ACA</a> | Watch LIVE 7pm <a href="https://t.co/cH1TElSUnM">pic.twitter.com/cH1TElSUnM</a></p> <p>— A Current Affair (@ACurrentAffair9) <a href="https://twitter.com/ACurrentAffair9/status/1627570052957605889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 20, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <p dir="ltr">Nicholas suffered extensive injuries in the crash breaking multiple bones, his kidneys are still not functioning unaided and his lungs collapsed from inhaling jet fuel.</p> <p dir="ltr">Doctors expect he will need to remain in hospital for at least another five months after deciding he will need to have his right foot amputated.</p> <p dir="ltr">“He said I’m not going to give up, Dad. I’m not going to leave you alone,” Simon recalled. </p> <p dir="ltr">“He’s a strong-willed boy. He’s a good kid.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Simon also recalled the final conversation he had with his wife before she boarded the helicopter with Nicholas. </p> <p dir="ltr">“I remember saying to my wife, I was thinking it’s amazing how quick they turn over these helicopters,” he said.</p> <p dir="ltr">“My wife just turned around to me and said, “Babe, I’m sure they know what they’re doing””.</p> <p dir="ltr">Simon shared that he hasn’t been able to properly grieve the loss of his wife as he spends every minute at Nicholas’ bedside. </p> <p dir="ltr">“It’s been hard, it’s a daily struggle … I don’t leave his bedside until 12, 1 in the morning,” he said.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Even leaving to go lay my wife to rest … it was just hard to keep my mind focused on the one thing, I didn’t want to leave him… but we gotta do what we gotta do.”</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-4354fcc6-7fff-a400-4ab6-5881ff20d5a6"></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Nine News / Instagram </em></p>

Caring

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“Very questionable”: Kmart mocked after customer's "ridiculous" delivery

<p>A woman has taken to Facebook to mock Kmart over her recent delivery.</p> <p>The shopper shared on Facebook she had ordered a 20mm combination padlock from Kmart and was caught by surprise when it was delivered to her home on February 13. </p> <p>The woman had received a large cardboard box, and when she opened it, it was filled to the brim with plastic wrap to protect the item. However, once she dug out the plastic, she saw a small padlock at the bottom of the unnecessarily large box.</p> <p>“My delivery arrived today,” the woman said on Facebook.</p> <p>Other Kmart fans were shocked by the large box for such a small item, with many users deeming it “ridiculous.”</p> <p>“Omg! Seriously,” a user commented.</p> <p>"Ridiculous honestly yet a pair of jeans get scrunched up into a bag for delivery," another added.</p> <p>"It's absolutely rubbish that they waste like that," a third chimed in.</p> <p>Another comment read, ”How ironic ... how easy is it to break this lock that it needs to be so protected when shipped? Would you need it if it is so fragile? Very questionable Kmart ... What a waste,”</p> <p>Many other users joined in on the teasing, claiming they also received small items delivered in unnecessarily large boxes. </p> <p>"This happened to us recently with a car air freshener," one shopper said.</p> <p>"Yeah they keep sending me one item in a stupidly big box. I’d be much more appreciative of multiple items jammed into a big box to stop wastage or happy to wait for all items to be ready together," another claimed.</p> <p>"I thought my three bowls packed like this was bad!" another commented.</p> <p>Back in May 2021, another Kmart shopper complained that she received a small book in a “huge box.”</p> <p>Although some said it was “terrible”, other users claimed the size of the box shouldn’t matter because it’s recyclable. </p> <p>A Kmart spokesperson told Yahoo Lifestyle that the complaints have been forwarded to Kmart’s online team, and they will reassess how they manage and replenish packaging materials. </p> <p>"Regrettably, in this instance, it appears the team member who has packed this order did not have available or use the most appropriately sized packaging components," the spokesperson said.</p> <p>"While our team are trained and aim to minimise packaging use and waste, it is likely that they did not have access to appropriately sized packaging options so used what was available in an effort to pack and dispatch this order as quickly as possible."</p> <p>Image credit: Facebook</p>

Food & Wine

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“I hope you didn't travel all the way here to ask that question”: Princess Mary shuts down journalist

<p dir="ltr">Princess Mary refused to stoop to her sister-in-law’s level when a journalist questioned her about Queen Margrethe of Denmark's decision to strip four grandchildren of their royal titles.</p> <p dir="ltr">The Australian-born Princess was on a royal tour of Vietnam when a journalist asked about the Queen’s decision.</p> <p dir="ltr">But Princess Mary was not having any of it and quickly shut down the question and put the journalist in their place.</p> <p dir="ltr">"I have nothing more to add to what I already said,” Princess Mary interjected.</p> <p dir="ltr">“I hope you didn't travel all the way here to ask that question. Do you have any other questions?"</p> <p dir="ltr">This however did not stop the journalist from going on saying: "Princess Marie told me that your relationship is complicated.”</p> <p dir="ltr">"I have nothing further to add,” the Princess replied, ending the conversation. </p> <p dir="ltr">The footage was shared to Twitter showing a composed Princess Mary shutting down the journalist and their incessant questions about the Queen’s decision. </p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">“I have nothing more to add to what I already said. I hope you didn't travel all the way here to ask that question. Do you have any other questions?”</p> <p>"Princess Marie told me that your relationship is complicated."</p> <p>"I have nothing further to add."</p> <p>🎥BT <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/CrownPrincessMary?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#CrownPrincessMary</a> <a href="https://t.co/2SLo3ZG7Cw">pic.twitter.com/2SLo3ZG7Cw</a></p> <p>— ChristinZ (@ChristinsQueens) <a href="https://twitter.com/ChristinsQueens/status/1587695273274376193?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 2, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p dir="ltr">Queen Margrethe II of Denmark <a href="https://oversixty.com.au/news/news/denmark-s-queen-strips-grandkids-of-royal-titles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stripped four of her grandchildren of their royal titles</a> in hopes they will be “able to shape their own lives to a much greater extent”.</p> <p dir="ltr">The Queen has two sons, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim, and eight grandchildren. </p> <p dir="ltr">Her sons, their wives, and children all have the titles of count and countess of Monpezat, referring to Margrethe's husband, who was born Henri de Laborde de Monpezat.</p> <p dir="ltr">Prince Joachim’s children -  Prince Nikolai, 23, Prince Felix, 20, Prince Henrik, 13 and Princess Athena, 10 - will not be able to use their “prince” and “princess” titles from January 1, 2023. </p> <p dir="ltr">Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary’s children are not affected by the decision.</p> <p dir="ltr">Princess Mary was dragged into the family drama when Joachim and his second wife Marie said the relationship between Mary and Frederik is “complicated”.</p> <p dir="ltr">Princess Mary defended Queen Margrethe’s decision, saying that change is never easy.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Change can be extremely difficult and can really hurt,” Princess Mary said.</p> <p dir="ltr">“I think most people have tried it. But this does not mean that the decision is not the right one.</p> <p dir="ltr">“… And I can understand that it is a very difficult decision to have to make, and also a very difficult decision to receive.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: Twitter</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Schoolgirl's cheeky question for King Charles

<p>King Charles and Camilla, Queen Consort, have attended their first joint royal engagement in their new roles.</p> <p>The royals were visiting the youth organisation Project Zero in Walthamstow, where among the crowd they were greeted by a group of excited school children from Barn Croft Primary School.</p> <p>The outing took a funny turn straight off the bat when the monarch was asked a cheeky question by a young schoolgirl.</p> <p>Immediately seeing the humour in the spontaneous moment with the gathered school children, the 73-year-old monarch seemed happy to engage in the back-and-forth banter, much to the amusement of the crowd. </p> <p>"How old are you, King Charles?" the little one asked innocently.</p> <p>His Majesty replied with a laugh, saying: "You can have a guess. Have a guess."</p> <p>One little kid shouted out "96", which the King took in good humour with another giggle.</p> <p>Following up on an invite extended at the Platinum Jubilee Big Lunch in June, the royal couple were visiting with Project Zero. The then-Duchess of Cornwall had met Project Zero founder Stephen Barnabis and youth champion Rico Thai-Richards at their event in June and their chat featured in <em>Camilla's Country Life </em>documentary, which aired in July.</p> <p>On Tuesday, the royal couple greeted the pair before being introduced to members of staff who deliver various programs, including digital talent, coding, music production, mental health and support services for women and girls.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

News

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Four questions to ask yourself before dating someone from the office

<p>In the digital age, online dating and swiping right are the status quo for romance. Practically gone are the days of meeting “the one” in a pub. But what about flirting by the water cooler or over Zoom? The consensual office relationship has been both a romance trope and a <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-matt-hancocks-private-life-is-very-much-in-the-public-interest-163444" target="_blank" rel="noopener">taboo</a> for decades.</p> <p>There are many reasons someone might enter a workplace relationship. Research shows that people gravitate towards like-minded people with common personality traits, backgrounds, belief systems and ideas. Proximity and familiarity also influence attraction, something psychologists call the <a href="https://www.neuroscience.org.uk/proximity-mere-exposure-effect-social-psychology/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mere exposure effect</a>.</p> <p>For better or for worse, offices are a place where like-minded people are in close proximity to each other for many hours, so it’s no surprise that many people are open to love at work. A <a href="https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2020/02/13/how-do-brits-find-love" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020 YouGov poll</a> found that 18% of Brits met their current or most recent partner through work.</p> <p>If you’re thinking about entering a relationship with your desk neighbour, or even your boss, here are some things to consider.</p> <h2>1. Is it a hierarchical relationship?</h2> <p>Despite their prevalence, office romances are still frowned upon, and more so after the #MeToo movement. Deciding to enter a <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0265407516635285" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hierarchical workplace relationship</a> (when one partner is in a higher position at work than the other) is not something to be taken lightly.</p> <p>Lower-status participants who have coupled up with their boss or senior staff member are sometimes confronted with gossip and career roadblocks because of their relationship. While some may think entering such a relationship could help them get ahead in their career, in reality their relationship status could hinder their progress. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0265407516635285" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Research has found</a> that the lower-status person in a hierarchical workplace relationship is less likely to be promoted or recommended for training opportunities than their colleagues who are not in such a relationship.</p> <h2>2. How might it affect your work performance?</h2> <p>With love and sex on the brain, is anyone getting any work done? The general stance is that canoodling is bad for business and affects productivity. Studies have found that feelings of passion and love, especially in the early stages of a relationship, can negatively impact productivity because <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271740194_Reduced_cognitive_control_in_passionate_lovers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">our minds are elsewhere</a> than the task at hand.</p> <p>This is particularly challenging in a professional environment, and when you may have to work alongside your lover. However, there are measures you can take to curb distractions. Minimise communications that are not of a work-related nature, except when essential, and avoid physical touch like kissing or holding hands in the workplace.</p> <h2>3. Does your organisation allow it?</h2> <p>Courtship and dating are <a href="https://core.ac.uk/outputs/161116640" target="_blank" rel="noopener">natural phenomena</a>, whether organisations like it or not. Prohibiting relationships is not the solution, and if anything will only <a href="https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/IJMIE_AUGUST2012/IJMRA-MIE1479.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lead relationships underground</a>.</p> <p>Despite this, many employers (mainly in the US) manage relationships by deploying “love contracts” – written rules and policies which the couple agrees to, confirming that the relationship is consensual and voluntary. This not only designed to protect the couple, but to protect the employer from being sued for harassment if the relationship breaks down.</p> <p>Employees aren’t likely to want to disclose to their direct line of report, HR person or relevant peers, who they are having sexual relations with. Article 8 of the Human Rights Act protects individuals of their right to <a href="https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/human-rights-act/article-8-respect-your-private-and-family-life" target="_blank" rel="noopener">private and family life</a>, which might explain why love contracts are <a href="https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/content/features/legal-ease-relationships-at-work-and-love-contracts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">not used</a> in the UK.</p> <p>Employers have to balance their own business interests with their employee’s privacy rights. However, just as there are policies and training for tackling sexual harassment, discrimination and mental health, there is also a need to address workplace romances. Your employer should have accessible (and reasonable) policies and guidelines about disclosing relationships, particularly when they are hierarchical.</p> <h2>4. What happens if you split up?</h2> <p>While no one plans for their relationship to end, things do happen and it’s best to be prepared. In a non-workplace relationship, a break-up might mean your productivity declines or you need to take a <a href="https://theconversation.com/taking-a-mental-health-day-can-be-good-for-you-heres-how-to-make-the-most-of-one-186493" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mental health day</a>. But if you work with your now-ex partner, there are other things to consider, like if you have to interact or collaborate on a project.</p> <p>Where relevant, it may be possible to request a transfer to a different team or to work remotely until the dust settles. Your company may also offer <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238318622_How_effective_is_workplace_counselling_A_review_of_the_research_literature" target="_blank" rel="noopener">workplace counselling</a> or <a href="https://www.eapa.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">programmes</a> designed to support employees going through tough times, including depression, grief or the aftermath of a relationship.</p> <p>Ultimately, how employers choose to manage romance at work depends on acknowledging that workplace relationships do happen, and understanding that happier and more satisfied employees tend to be <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120033/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">more productive</a> and collaborate better in teams. It is in employers’ best interests to support their employees’ wellbeing, even (and especially) when those employees fall in love.</p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared in <a href="https://theconversation.com/workplace-romance-four-questions-to-ask-yourself-before-dating-someone-from-the-office-187809" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

Relationships

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Does a sibling’s gender influence our own personality? A major new study answers an age-old question

<p>Our siblings play a central role in our childhoods, so it stands to reason they influence our personality in the long term. In particular, researchers have long been interested in how growing up with a sister compared to a brother might influence who we become as adults.</p> <p>How do children interact with their sister or brother? How do parents behave differently towards their children of different genders, and how does that interaction influence the children?</p> <p>Past theories have made quite different predictions: siblings of the opposite gender may plausibly result in either <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2786054" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gender-stereotypical personalities</a> (a girl may take on a more feminine role to differentiate herself from her brother) or <a href="https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512800807" target="_blank" rel="noopener">less gender stereotypical personalities</a> (a girl may take on more masculine traits because she imitates her brother).</p> <p>In fact, psychological research has been exploring these differences for over half a century. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.037" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In some studies</a>, siblings of the opposite sex seemed to be more gender-conforming. Girls with brothers later become more “typically female” and boys with sisters more “typically male”.</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030055" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Other studies find the exact opposite</a>, however. Opposite gender siblings developed in typically gender-conforming ways. To resolve these contradictions, we wanted to test the effect of sibling gender on personality in a rigorous and comprehensive way.</p> <figure class="align-center "><em><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480681/original/file-20220823-16-4ll79p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /></em><figcaption><em><span class="caption">Like brother, like sister? Researchers have differed on the likely influence of an opposite gender sibling on personality.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Getty Images</span></span></em></figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Using big data</strong></p> <p>In our <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976221094630" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new study</a> we focused on the relationships between children and their next older or younger sibling. We compiled a unique data set by combining 12 large representative surveys covering nine countries across four continents (US, UK, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Mexico, China and Indonesia).</p> <p>This resulted in a data set of more than 85,000 people – many times the sample sizes used in previous studies.</p> <p>We also investigated many more personality traits than previous studies have. This included the traits that have been most widely studied in other research, and which have been shown to be important predictors of people’s decisions and choices.</p> <p>The “big five” of these traits are: openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The other traits examined were: risk tolerance, trust, patience and “locus of control” (the degree to which people believe they have control over their lives).</p> <p>We also created an index describing to what extent people have a typically female personality. This allowed us to test comprehensively whether growing up with an opposite gender sibling leads to a more or less gender-stereotypical personality.</p> <p><strong>Sibling gender and life experience</strong></p> <p>This study is not only innovative in its use of a large data set, but it also applies a consistent method to identify any causal effects of a sibling’s gender on personality traits.</p> <p>To estimate credible causal effects, we make use of an interesting fact of nature: once parents decide to have another child it is essentially random whether they have a girl or boy. In this “natural experiment” some people are therefore “randomly assigned” a younger sister or brother.</p> <p>This allows us to estimate the causal effect of sibling gender on personality by comparing the average personality of people who grew up with a sister as their next youngest sibling with those who grew up with a next younger brother.</p> <p><strong>Brothers and sisters</strong></p> <p>Our results suggest sibling gender has no effect on personality. For all nine personality traits and the summary index, we find people who have a next younger sister display, on average, the same personality traits as people who have a next younger brother.</p> <p>We also see no difference in personality between people who have a next older sister and people who have a next older brother. Because we have data on more than 85,000 people, these results are estimated with great precision.</p> <p>The results help refute the idea that brothers or sisters cause each other to develop “feminine” or “masculine” personality traits over the long term.</p> <p>However, the results don’t mean sibling gender has no long-term effect at all. Other studies that applied a similar methodological approach have shown that women with brothers in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">US</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-021-00830-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Denmark</a> earn less. And a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt011" target="_blank" rel="noopener">study of Asian populations</a> has found women with younger sisters marry earlier and women with older sisters marry later.</p> <p>So, there seem to be interesting sibling dynamics related to gender – but personality is probably not part of the explanation for those effects.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/188532/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jan-feld-594140" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jan Feld</a>, Senior Lecturer in Economics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/te-herenga-waka-victoria-university-of-wellington-1200" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/anne-ardila-brenoe-1373305" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anne Ardila Brenøe</a>, Assistant Professor of Economics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-zurich-1139" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Zurich</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-dudek-1372681" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Thomas Dudek</a>, Postdoctoral Researcher, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/te-herenga-waka-victoria-university-of-wellington-1200" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/does-a-siblings-gender-influence-our-own-personality-a-major-new-study-answers-an-age-old-question-188532" target="_blank" rel="noopener">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Family & Pets

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5 questions to ask before setting up self-managed super

<p>Self-managed super funds (SMSF) continue to attract retirees looking for greater control over their finances, but is managing your own super for everyone? Here’s five questions to ask yourself before setting one up.</p> <p>Retirees continue to establish self-managed super funds, with SMSFs the fastest growing area within the superannuation industry. For many Australians, the advantage of managing your own super means greater flexibility in choosing where to invest the money, lower fees and better performance on average compared with industry and retail funds, and ultimately, more control of the future of your retirement income.</p> <p>Are you looking to manage your own SMSF? Before you do and to get a better understanding of what can be involved, wealth management firm BT Financial Group recommends asking yourself these five questions to see if setting up a SMSF is right for you.</p> <p><strong>1. Why are you looking to establish a SMSF?</strong></p> <p>Historically, many prospective SMSF members have used the terms “control” and “choice” as reasons to establish a SMSF. But, this is not necessarily a feature confined to SMSFs. The ability to choose underlying investments (often thought of as also giving control by some) is a feature that is today available in a number of other types of superannuation funds. In general, the only asset classes that SMSF trustees will potentially look to invest in that can’t be achieved through a retail fund are direct property investments and investments in collectibles.</p> <p><strong>2. How many money do you have to start your SMSF?</strong></p> <p>You can start your SMSF with less, but the industry recommended investment is around $200,000. This makes the cost of running the fund more competitive with other funds with a similar amount of money invested. There are incidental costs to running your SMSF which should be taken into account when deciding whether it’s a cost effective option with the balance you have.</p> <p>There are also costs in moving money from one fund to another, such as realising capital gains tax on the sale of existing investments, and time out of the market until investments are re-purchased. Any potential loss of insurance coverage (and the loss of possible benefits around group insurance arrangements) also needs to be considered.</p> <p><strong>3. What trustee structure will you utilise?</strong></p> <p>As a trustee you have two choices here – individual or corporate. Most SMSFs have been established with an individual trustee structure, on the basis that it’s initially cheaper and easier. However, the benefits of a corporate structure should not be ignored. It has future benefits for the efficient running of the fund. For example, any direct shareholdings of an SMSF need to be registered in the name of the trustees.</p> <p>With individual trustees, when new members are added or removed, changes are required to the share register. If held via a corporate trustee, however, any changes in membership of the fund doesn’t require share registry changes, as it’s only the directors of the corporate trustee that change – not the trustee itself.</p> <p><strong>4. Have you thought about the fund’s investment strategy?</strong></p> <p>One big requirement in managing a SMSF is to have a sound investment strategy, which complies with the sole purpose test requirements and assists in managing and growing super savings. You should consider diversification, risk and return.</p> <p>Given the recent amendments to super law, trustees should be aware that they’re also required to review their investment strategy regularly (a good idea would be annually) and to consider the insurance needs of the fund. This doesn’t mean that insurance needs to be taken out if members are adequately covered through other means, but the considerations should be documented for future reference.</p> <p><strong>5. Do you understand your obligations and responsibilities as a SMSF trustee?</strong></p> <p>One of the most common comments from new trustees is that it takes more time than they anticipated in running their own fund. All new SMSF trustees are required to sign a standard trustee declaration issued by the Australian Taxation Office.</p> <p>While this document does a great job of summarising many of the requirements of being a trustee and the responsibilities associated with running a SMSF, the question still remains whether trustees truly understand this or are just signing it as a matter of course for establishing the fund. In the event that something goes wrong, ignorance won’t be an excuse for trustees who have signed the form.</p> <p><strong>Did you know?</strong></p> <p>Not to equate a SMSF with a do-it-yourself fund. If you decide to start your own fund, you should choose experienced service providers to assist with the efficient and compliant running of your fund. This includes administrators or accountants to ensure the accounts are maintained, a lawyer for the appropriate drafting of the terms of the SMSF’s deed, a tax agent for completion of annual tax returns, and a financial planner to assist with strategy and investment decisions. </p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Retirement Income