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Mental health: how living in the city and country compare

<p>Is it better to live in a city or in the countryside? While urban dwellers may benefit from more employment opportunities, better access to public services alongside cultural activities and entertainment, people who live in rural areas often argue they have a better sense of community and greater access to nature.</p> <p>A number of studies have sought to determine whether city or country is better for mental health by drawing on national survey data from the <a href="https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/">UK Household Longitudinal Study</a> (UKHLS). This is a national survey which has followed approximately 40,000 UK households since 2009. Each year, data is collected on a range of social, economic and behavioural factors.</p> <p>This is what some of these studies have found when it comes to mental health and where you live:</p> <h2>Physical activity</h2> <p>Research has shown that physical activity can reduce <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379719302466?casa_token=_QxDT_feTekAAAAA:Sd_9jfW0ukJY1fUCkUx43sTEGHkNBiwqViPI4-HfSx-LngPhuxBjGMRQrokDmpYlZIwzR7wDzA">anxiety</a> and <a href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194">depression</a>, alongside <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223980.2018.1470487">improving mood</a> and <a href="https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article-abstract/10/5/1098/5921063?login=true">wellbeing</a>. Indeed, UK health guidelines recommend physical activity for the <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng222">treatment of depression</a> and <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-adults-and-older-adults/physical-activity-for-adults-and-older-adults-19-and-over-text-of-the-infographic">improved quality of life</a>.</p> <p>One easy way of getting more physical activity in your life is through active travel – such as cycling or walking on your way to work or running errands.</p> <p>So how does urban or rural dwelling impact on this? According to UKHLS research which looked at data from 35,295 people in the UK, urban residents were 64% more likely than rural residents to <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00038-014-0578-2">engage frequently in active travel</a>. This is likely because there are more active travel opportunities in urban environments where there are shorter distances between facilities, shops, offices and homes.</p> <p>Research shows that the more active travel a person does, the better their <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140520300487">mental health</a>. In fact, the mental health benefits of active travel may be <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28153647">just as good</a> as physical activity for leisure. So, based on this measure, people living in the city may have better mental health overall.</p> <p>But while urban life may offer more opportunities for active travel compared to living in the countryside, that doesn’t mean there aren’t still many ways to incorporate physical activity into your daily life for mental health benefits wherever you live.</p> <h2>Access to green space</h2> <p>Access to green space (such as parks) is believed to support many aspects of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44097-3">health and wellbeing</a> – including your <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09638237.2020.1755027?journalCode=ijmh20">mental health</a>.</p> <p>To investigate whether nearby green space was related to mental wellbeing, data from the 2009-2010 UKHLS study was combined with data on the proportion of green space within different areas of England. The analysis found the amount of local green space did not actually <a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4401-x">predict mental wellbeing</a>.</p> <p>What this suggests is that while green space may be important for mental wellbeing, having it nearby doesn’t necessarily mean people will engage with it. As such, we can’t assume rural living is inherently more beneficial just because nature is more accessible.</p> <p>This aligns with the findings of a 2021 study, which showed that living near green space <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87675-0#Sec2">did not improve mental health outcomes</a>. However, the analysis did find that the more frequently a person visited green spaces, the better their mental wellbeing. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17439760.2016.1221126">Meaningful engagement with green spaces</a> (such as taking photographs) may also be more important for reaping the mental health benefits of nature.</p> <p>As such, urban living may be just as good as rural dwelling when it comes to the mental health benefits of green space.</p> <h2>Air quality</h2> <p>Numerous studies have found links between high levels of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6447209/">air pollution</a> and <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/exposure-to-air-pollution-linked-with-increased-mental-health-service-use-new-study-finds">poorer mental health</a>. A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X22001668?via%253Dihub">review of 111 studies</a> even suggests that polluted air may cause changes in the brain regions that control emotions. This may increase the risk of developing anxiety and depression compared to those who breathe cleaner air.</p> <p>To investigate the impact of air pollution on mental health, researchers combined data on air pollution from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs with UKHLS survey data, alongside data from the British Household Panel Survey (which looked at 10,000 UK households and ran from 1991 to 2009). This allowed them to analyse data from the years 1991-2014.</p> <p>The analysis found that people who were exposed to higher levels of air pollution reported lower levels of <a href="https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/research/publications/524260">life satisfaction</a>. The study indicated that the negative effect of air pollution on life satisfaction can be equivalent to major life events, such as divorce.</p> <p>In general, urban areas have between <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanplh/PIIS2542-5196(21)00255-2.pdf">two to four times the levels of air pollution</a> than rural areas, suggesting people who live in cities may be more likely to experience worse mental health as a result. However, the agricultural industry also generates <a href="https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/aqeg/2800829_Agricultural_emissions_vfinal2.pdf">high levels of air pollution</a> meaning some rural dwellers in certain settings may also be at risk.</p> <h2>Regional variation in wellbeing</h2> <p>Of course, these are just a few of the factors that affect a person’s day to day mental health – and it appears neither city nor country living is significantly better than the other when it comes to your mental health.</p> <p>Indeed, research has found that the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00343404.2019.1645953?needAccess=true">region of the country</a> you live in may be more important when it comes to your mental health than whether you live in the city or the countryside. There are many factors that may explain this effect, including the cost of living in certain areas, alongside local politics and a person’s economic status.</p> <p>Where we live is clearly very important when it comes to our mental health. But the place that works best for your mental health will depend largely on broader social and economic factors as well as which aspects of your lifestyle are most important to you.</p> <p><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/mental-health-how-living-in-the-city-and-country-compare-200402" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a></em><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">.</span></p>

Mind

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Brain strain: neurological effects of COVID and vaccines compared

<p>Concerns about the side-effects of COVID vaccinations have been amplified during the current pandemic by both the vast quantity of data that’s accumulating, and traditional- and social-media coverage.</p> <p>Rare blood clots resulting from first doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1nCoV-19) vaccine have been most prominently revealed. As a result there have been changes to the age range of people administered AstraZeneca vaccine, and in a few instances its suspension from national vaccination programs.</p> <p>Now, a nationwide study of 32 million adults in England has revealed an increased, but low, risk of the rare neurological conditions Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Bell’s palsy following a first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine. The study also revealed an increased, but low, risk of hemorrhagic stroke following a first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccine.</p> <p>However, the research, <a rel="noopener" href="/t%20%20https:/doi.org/10.1038/%20s41591-021-01556-7" target="_blank">published</a> in <em>Nature Medicine</em>, also revealed a substantially higher risk of seven neurological outcomes, including GBS, after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test.</p> <p>“Crucially, we found that the risk of neurological complications from [COVID] infection was substantially higher than the risk of adverse events from vaccinations in our population,” the authors wrote. “[F]or example, 145 excess cases versus 38 excess cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome per 10 million exposed in those who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test and [AstraZeneca]-19 vaccine, respectively.”</p> <blockquote> <p>“The risks of adverse neurological events following SARS-CoV-2 infection are much greater than those associated with vaccinations”</p> </blockquote> <p>Cosmos has <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/adverse-reactions-guillain-barre-tts-and-the-fine-mesh-net/" target="_blank">reported</a> on the extraordinarily fine-mesh approach to monitoring vaccine side-effects in Australia, which as of early September had been unable to establish a clear link between GBS and AstraZeneca shots. All Australians vaccinated for COVID thus far have received one of the two vaccines examined in the new research, and their efficacy has been widely confirmed.</p> <p>The study – a collaboration between several English and Scottish institutions – made its findings among English adults, which was then replicated in an independent national cohort of more than three million Scottish people.</p> <p>The authors anticipate that these results will inform risk–benefit evaluations for vaccine programs as well as clinical decision-making and resource allocation for these rare neurological complications. They conclude their findings are likely to be of relevance to other countries, but that more studies need to be done.</p> <p>“We believe that these findings are likely to be of relevance to other countries using these vaccines and it would be useful to replicate these results in similarly large datasets internationally,” wrote the authors, in conclusion.</p> <p>“Importantly, the risks of adverse neurological events following SARS-CoV-2 infection are much greater than those associated with vaccinations, highlighting the benefits of ongoing vaccination programs.”</p> <!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --> <p><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=170617&amp;title=Brain+strain%3A+neurological+effects+of+COVID+and+vaccines+compared" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></p> <!-- End of tracking content syndication --> <div id="contributors"> <p><em><a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/covid/side-effects-of-covid-and-vaccines/" target="_blank">This article</a> was originally published on <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com" target="_blank">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/cosmos-editors" target="_blank">Cosmos</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Wikimedia Commons</em></p> </div>

Mind

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How the actors from The Crown compare to the real-life British royals

<p>The Crown tells the dramatic tale of the rise of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II from a little girl born a relatively minor British princess to the revered queen of the United Kingdom. The general consensus among viewers and critics is that all four of the Netflix show’s seasons thus far have been nothing short of riveting (albeit somewhat fictionalised), as well as superbly acted.</p> <p>So now, as we eagerly await Season 5 and the new cast members who will be playing older versions of the “characters” we’ve come to feel we know personally, let’s see how the actors from The Crown compare to the real-life royals and other characters in their world.</p> <p><strong>Queen Elizabeth II as a young woman, as played by Claire Foy</strong><br />Claire Foy’s portrayal of the Queen from young adulthood through the first decade or so of middle age has been an absolute revelation. Thanks to Foy’s deeply felt, Emmy-winning portrayal, it feels as though we have a sense of the Queen as a person. And by that, we mean as a devoted daughter, a young woman in love, a mother, a politician, a boss-in-training who is excited but trepidatious about assuming the top leadership role in her “Firm,” and, ultimately, the boss.</p> <p><strong>Queen Elizabeth II in middle age, as played by Olivia Colman</strong><br />After seeing Claire Foy, it was hard to imagine how the role of the Queen could possibly be filled by another. However, the moment we first laid eyes on Olivia Colman as the middle-aged monarch, we were hooked. Not surprisingly, Colman won a Golden Globe for her portrayal, which follows the Queen into her 50s.</p> <p>“For the last year, I feel like I’ve been living someone else’s life, and now I feel like I’m winning someone else’s award,” Colman said during her slightly tipsy (by her own account) acceptance speech.</p> <p><strong>Prince Philip as a young man, as played by Matt Smith</strong><br />The husband of Queen Elizabeth, Prince Philip, now 99, is arguably an even more challenging role for an actor to tackle than the Queen herself because the former Prince of Greece and Denmark and current Duke of Edinburgh is such a force of nature. However, Doctor Who alum Matt Smith delivered an on-point portrayal of the charming, handsome military man Princess Elizabeth fell in love with when she was only 13 years old.</p> <p><strong>Prince Philip in middle age, as played by Tobias Menzies</strong><br />Following Matt Smith as Prince Philip was a formidable task, but Tobias Menzies came through as the middle-aged husband of Queen Elizabeth, perhaps better than anyone else might have. Truth be told, the role of Prince Philip was far less meaty in the Menzies seasons than in the Smith seasons. However, the scene in which Menzies as Philip attempts to talk reason to an agitated and desperately unhappy Princess Diana couldn’t have been more perfect. In it, we see the awkwardness that the not-quite-patriarch might have been feeling as he tried to school his headstrong daughter-in-law on what was what in the world of royalty.</p> <p><strong>Prince Charles as a young man, as played by Josh O’Connor</strong><br />It may be difficult to believe today, but on the day of his wedding to Lady Diana Spencer, Prince Charles was perceived by the world as a real-life Prince Charming. Tall and not-too-bad-looking despite having rather large ears, he was the slightly socially awkward future king of England. And he was marrying the sweet, statuesque kindergarten teacher with the enormous blue eyes, who was already well on her way to becoming the most beloved woman of the 20th century. As it turned out, the Princess’s popularity would play a role in alienating the Prince’s love…but so would the Prince’s love of a married commoner named Camilla Parker Bowles.</p> <p>But enough about Prince Charles. Let’s talk about Josh O’Connor, shall we? Thanks to O’Connor’s charming, brilliant, adorable, and, yes, big-eared portrayal of the Prince of Wales, the future king’s reputation has been restored. Or nearly so. As much dirt as we believe we know about the royal couple’s doomed marriage, O’Connor has made it almost impossible for us to continue to dislike the man who rejected Princess Diana and idolised Camilla. He’s almost helped us to understand what the Prince saw in Camilla, whom he eventually married in 2005.</p> <p><strong>Prince Charles as a teenager, as played by Julian Baring</strong><br />The fact that Josh O’Connor transformed Prince Charles into a heartthrob is not to say that Julian Baring’s portrayal is any less brilliant – nor is it any less charming. Baring brought true pathos to the teenage prince, who was ill-suited for the sporty boarding school, Gordonstoun, that his father insisted he attend. If we weren’t exactly swooning over Baring as Charles, it is no doubt because Baring was only 13 when he took on the role, and the script for the early seasons of The Crown did not present Charles as a romantic lead so much as a misunderstood, and sometimes petulant, teenager.</p> <p><strong>Princess Diana, as played by Emma Corrin</strong><br />Take a look at these rarely seen photos of Diana and then see if you can honestly tell them apart from Emma Corrin’s portrayal of the doomed princess and mother of Princes William and Harry. Corrin so completely embodies Princess Diana, it was almost painful for her superfans (like us) to watch – but obviously not so much that we didn’t watch. In fact, we couldn’t not watch whenever Corrin appeared on screen. We’d be inclined to say that it’s hard to imagine The Crown’s recasting of Princess Diana, but we’ve already seen the publicity photos of Elizabeth Debicki as a slightly older (but eternally youthful) version, and we suspect Debicki’s portrayal will be equally breathtaking.</p> <p><strong>Camilla Parker Bowles, as played by Emerald Fennell</strong><br />Meet The Crown’s reinvented version of the former Camilla Shand. As played by Emerald Fennell, the “other woman” in the Wales marriage is a pillow-lipped beauty who tries and tries and tries to get Charles to stay with Diana.</p> <p>Although The Crown is historical fiction, rather than a docudrama or historical reenactment, it’s still a bit stunning to see the story told in this way – with this gorgeous, likable actress playing the role of a woman who carried on a long-term affair with the husband of the beloved People’s Princess and ended up succeeding Diana as the future queen (or something like that).</p> <p><strong>Princess Margaret Rose of York as a young woman, as played by Vanessa Kirby</strong><br />Princess Margaret was the Queen’s beloved younger sister. Because she was never going to be queen, Margaret was known more for her beauty and, if we’re being frank, her antics than virtually anything else. Vanessa Kirby plays Princess Margaret as a young woman in The Crown, and the likeness, mannerisms and acting are astounding. Many viewers are especially fond of Kirby’s depiction of Princess Margaret as a star-crossed lover of the married Group Captain Peter Townsend. Despite Townsend’s having obtained a divorce and the couple’s desire to marry, they parted ways to avoid a scandal that might have tarnished Queen Elizabeth II’s reign.</p> <p><strong>Princess Margaret in middle age, as played by Helena Bonham Carter</strong><br />Helena Bonham Carter is an incredibly talented actress, and she’s especially memorable in the film Fight Club, in which she starred as Marla Singer, the deranged girlfriend of the main character, Tyler Durden. Why are we bringing that up? Arguably, and with all due respect to Bonham Carter’s acting chops, it appears she is channelling Marla Singer when playing Princess Margaret in middle age. Plus, appearance-wise, Bonham Carter doesn’t look even a bit like Princess Margaret.</p> <p><strong>Peter Townsend, as played by Ben Miles</strong><br />Peter Townsend was, arguably, the love of Princess Margaret’s life. An officer with the Royal Air Force, he acted as equerry to King George VI from 1944 to 1952 and to Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 to 1953. Having such close proximity to the royal family, Townsend fell in love with the beautiful Princess Margaret, despite the fact that he was married at the time. And the feelings were apparently mutual. The handsome Ben Miles plays Townsend to perfection, and when Margaret does not accept his marriage proposal after his divorce, his heartbreak is palpable.</p> <p><strong>Antony Armstrong-Jones, as played by Matthew Goode</strong><br />After spurning Peter Townsend’s marriage proposal in 1955, Princess Margaret went on to meet and marry a handsome and charismatic photographer, Antony Armstrong-Jones, who became the first commoner in four centuries to marry into the royal family. Following the wedding in 1960, “Tony” became the 1st Earl of Snowdon. Played on The Crown by Matthew Goode during the early years, Lord Snowdon is handsome, smarmy and seemingly irresistible, at least at first.</p> <p>Unfortunately, the Snowdon marriage was plagued by infidelity on both sides. When the couple divorced, Princess Margaret became the very first royal to be divorced since King Henry VIII. Ben Daniels plays Tony in the later years when things got incredibly weird between the Snowdons (more on that next).</p> <p><strong>Roddy Llewellyn, as played by Harry Treadaway</strong><br />Harry Treadaway appears in only two episodes of The Crown, but he’s quite memorable nonetheless. In the last episode of Season 3, Princess Margaret falls for Roddy, a gardener nearly 20 years her junior. In real life, the two carried on a romantic relationship for eight years. That’s not entirely clear from the way it’s portrayed on The Crown (which characterises the relationship as more of a fling). Treadaway as Roddy perfectly captures both the young man’s admiration for the much-older princess and his frustration over their impossible-to-ignore differences.</p> <p>Treadaway appears once more in the seventh episode of Season 4, but it’s so fleeting, it’s easy to miss, and this is likely because in real life, the two had parted ways before the events depicted in that episode happened.</p> <p><strong>King George VI, as played by Jared Harris</strong><br />Jared Harris was nominated for an Emmy for his portrayal of King George VI, the former Prince Bertie of York (born Albert Frederick Arthur George), who spent most of his life never suspecting he would become king. Yet he did, thanks to the romantic antics of his older brother, David, who for one brief year of his life was King Edward VIII. As depicted by The Crown, King George VI was an all-around good guy who was dearly loved by his family, who never wished to be king, and whose unintended ascension to the throne may have cost him his life. (He died at 56 from lung cancer.)</p> <p><strong>The Queen Consort, Queen Elizabeth, and later, the Queen Mother, as played by Victoria Hamilton</strong><br />Victoria Hamilton’s portrayal of the Queen Consort to King George VI (the former Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, who was also called Her Majesty), the mother of Princess Elizabeth, and the eventual Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother (still Her Majesty, along with her daughter, the Queen) really sells her fierce loyalty to her husband. You can genuinely feel her pain when she learns of her husband’s death. You can also feel her anger and disgust at her brother-in-law, David (the Duke of Windsor and former King Edward VIII), for putting Bertie in the position of having to be king.</p> <p><strong>The Queen Mother, as played by Marion Bailey</strong><br />When Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne, the wife of the late King George VI was also known as Queen Elizabeth. Up until that time, it had been customary for the wife of a late king to be titled “Dowager Queen.” However, this title, while accurate, also didn’t quite hit the mark because the elder Queen Elizabeth was not just the widow of the king, but also the mother of the new queen. Hence, she became Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.</p> <p>We see a lot of the Queen Mother in The Crown, and we should expect to continue to do so because in real life, she lived until 2002, the same year her younger daughter, Princess Margaret, passed.</p> <p><strong>Princess Anne, as played by Erin Doherty</strong><br />In a stroke of casting brilliance, Erin Doherty portrays Princess Anne in The Crown. As played by Doherty, Princess Anne is completely relatable as the often sarcastic, sometimes surly, horseback-riding younger sister of the man born to be king. So far, we’ve seen Princess Anne’s talents as an equestrian take her all the way to the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. We’ve also seen that Anne enjoyed a brief dalliance with Andrew Parker-Bowles, who would later marry Camilla Shand. What we have not yet seen is the acrimonious tailspin of the last years of her marriage to Mark Phillips, nor her acquaintance with the man who eventually became her second and current husband, Timothy Laurence.</p> <p><strong>David, Duke of Windsor, the former King Edward VIII, as played by Alex Jennings</strong><br />Alex Jennings plays the younger version of King Edward VIII, who abdicated to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson. When King George V died in January 1936, his eldest son, David, Prince of Wales, ascended the throne. But being king meant nothing to David if he couldn’t rule alongside his lady love of two years, American divorcée Wallis Simpson. Notwithstanding the unequivocal will of the King, the government had rules to follow, which forbade a king’s marriage to a divorcée. In order to prevent a constitutional crisis, King Edward VIII abdicated, leaving his brother, Bertie, the Duke of York, to rule – and transforming Princess Elizabeth of York into the heir apparent. This decision also forever damaged David’s relationship with his own mother, Queen Mary, as well as the rest of his family.</p> <p>The former King Edward VIII went on to marry Wallis. Ostracised by the royal family, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor lived most of the rest of their lives in exile from the UK while rubbing elbows with anyone rich, famous, or powerful who would tolerate them. That included Nazis, although The Crown only briefly touches upon that. Acting legend Derek Jacobi plays the Duke of Windsor at the end of his life, but Jennings’ performance, which captures a sense of bravado and entitlement that makes the Duke seem at once despicable and pathetic, is so iconic that he will likely be the one most associated with the role.</p> <p><strong>Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, as played by Lia Williams</strong><br />Wallis Simpson was still married to another man when she began her relationship with David, who was then the Prince of Wales. However, she was divorced by the time King George V died, leaving the throne to David, who became King Edward VIII. The new king wished to marry Wallis, but that was unacceptable as the rules then stood (not allowing a divorced consort), leading to King Edward VIII’s abdication. And that, of course, changed the line of succession forever.</p> <p>That being said, since the Duke and Duchess of Windsor never had children, it’s arguable that even if King Edward VIII had not abdicated, Queen Elizabeth might very well have ascended anyway upon his death (based on the rules of succession). For the Duchess’ later years, The Crown cast the iconic Geraldine Chaplin.</p> <p><strong>Lord Louis Mountbatten (aka Uncle Dickie), as played by Greg Wise</strong><br />Lord Louis Mountbatten, the man affectionately known as Uncle Dickie to the royal family, was Princess Alice of Battenberg’s brother. Portrayed by Greg Wise in the first two seasons, Uncle Dickie is charming and lovable, setting up the great tragedy of his death in the fourth season (when he was played by Charles Dance). Prince Philip had been close with his uncle during his youth, and Uncle Dickie also became Prince Charles’ mentor.</p> <p>While the death of Lord Mountbatten was shocking and tragic for the royal family, it did, nevertheless, provide a way for the writers of The Crown to offer a depiction of the future Princess Diana (who uses the death as an opening to flirt with Prince Charles) as less naive than many of us might have believed.</p> <p><strong>Prince Andrew, Duke of York, as played by Tom Byrne</strong><br />Thus far, The Crown has not given us much of the adult Prince Andrew, who is played by Tom Byrne. That said, we’re led to believe that if the Queen has, or perhaps had, a favourite child, it might have been Prince Andrew. On the other hand, there’s also a bit of hedging (and perhaps winking from the scriptwriters) as the Queen expresses to Philip that she’s concerned about what might become of Andrew if he doesn’t make some changes to himself. Years later, as we all know, Prince Andrew was forced to step back from his royal duties following a scandal involving the late Jeffrey Epstein.</p> <p><strong>Prince Edward, as played by Angus Imrie</strong><br />Prince Edward is one of the least publicly recognisable of Queen Elizabeth II’s children, so it’s refreshing that The Crown offers surprising insight about him. In a memorable scene, a teenage Prince Edward, played by Angus Imrie, reveals to the Queen in no uncertain terms that being the son of the Queen is not necessarily all it’s cracked up to be.</p> <p><strong>Sir Winston Churchill, as played by John Lithgow</strong><br />GETTY IMAGES, COURTESY NETFLIX<br />If it’s wrong that The Crown cast an American actor to play the great Winston Churchill, then would we even want it to be right? Even those who aren’t fans of the royal family should get something valuable out of watching John Lithgow virtually disappear into the role of the legendary prime minister in all his gaucheness, wilfulness and, ultimately, humanity.</p> <p><strong>Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, as played by Gillian Anderson</strong><br />Gillian Anderson, who played Agent Scully on The X-Files, makes a star turn as Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during Season 4 of The Crown. She portrays the Iron Lady with dignity and surprising pathos (we even get to see her cry after being ostracised by members of Parliament). And talk about disappearing into a role – the resemblance between the real-life person and the actress playing her is nothing if not startling.</p> <p class="p1"><em>Written by  Lauren Cahn. This article first appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/culture/how-the-actors-from-the-crown-compare-to-the-real-life-british-royals"><span class="s1">Reader’s Digest</span></a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.com.nz/subscribe"><span class="s1">here’s our best subscription offer</span></a>.</em></p>

TV

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Expert slams Americans by comparing photographs of Australia: “Only Australia crushed COVID-19”

<p>Australian life is slowly returning to normal as Bondi beach reopens and restrictions continue to loosen amid the coronavirus pandemic.</p> <p>The way the country has handled the severity of COVID-19 and its citizens has become a rarity throughout the world, as Australians look toward a less bleak future.</p> <p>Unfortunately, developed nations including the United States are not able to tell the same story as death told soared past 50,000 within the last week.</p> <p>The death toll from the virus in Australia sits at 84 and new infections have completely slowed down as NSW reported five new cases in one day on Monday.</p> <p>Harvard Professor David Sinclair took to Twitter to blast the state of California and all its citizens by sharing a side-by-side comparison that show both Australia and the U.S at completely odd ends.</p> <p>In the caption above two images of an empty Bondi Beach and an overcrowded Newport Beach in California, he wrote: “California &amp; Australia have similar populations but only Australia crushed #COVID-19. New cases = 1000 vs 9 per day. While the pundits argue about the cause, see if you notice a difference between Newport &amp; Bondi. It’s a clue.”</p> <p>“I miss the days when we were the role model for how to get things done,” he wrote on Twitter.</p> <p>Professor Sinclair also went on to show a timeline of how Australia has combated the virus, closed borders along with the country’s testing measures and strict social distancing rules.</p> <p>California Governor Gavin Newsom criticised locals for flocking to the beach as soon as the warm weather hit over the weekend.</p> <p>He warned their behaviour could mean reverse progress.</p> <p>“We can’t see images like we saw, particularly on Saturday, in Newport Beach and elsewhere,” Mr Newsom said.</p> <p>“The virus doesn’t take the weekend off because it’s a beautiful sunny day around our coasts,” he added.</p> <p>Australian states NSW and Queensland could begin slowly easing back open as soon as next week.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">California &amp; Australia have similar populations but only Australia crushed <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/COVID19?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#COVID19</a>. New cases = 1000 vs 9 per day. While the pundits argue about the cause, see if you notice a difference between Newport &amp; Bondi. It's a clue. <a href="https://t.co/TNHbFpiqJu">pic.twitter.com/TNHbFpiqJu</a></p> — David Sinclair, PhD (@davidasinclair) <a href="https://twitter.com/davidasinclair/status/1254834144204521472?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 27, 2020</a></blockquote> <p>However, QLD Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk warned “If we do see mass gatherings, I will not hesitate to clamp back down.”</p> <p>Victoria however is not so ready to ease restrictions and Premier Daniel Andrews told reporters on Tuesday he wants to see at least 100,000 people get tested for coronavirus within the next two weeks before a decision is made on whether they will ease state restrictions.</p> <p>“This is the biggest public health testing program that our state has ever seen and it will give us the data that will underpin the options that we will have in just a couple of weeks’ time,” he said on Monday.</p>

Domestic Travel

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Mick Schumacher: "Being compared to my father was never a problem for me"

<p>Mick Schumacher says he has no problem being compared to his father, Formula 1 legend Michael Schumacher.</p> <p>Speaking ahead of his first Formula 2 season, Mick – who is turning 20 tomorrow – said the comparisons with the seven-time Formula 1 world champion are an "honour" rather than a burden.</p> <p>"Being compared to my father was never a problem for me," Mick said in a new video interview released by the Prema team.</p> <p>"Being compared to the best driver in F1 history is the goal you want to achieve and to have that as my idol and my father is something very special."</p> <p>Mick added, "I feel honoured to be compared to him because I just learn and try to improve."</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en"> <p dir="ltr">.<a href="https://twitter.com/SchumacherMick?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@SchumacherMick</a> speaks about his upcoming debut in the 2019 <a href="https://twitter.com/FIA_F2?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@FIA_F2</a> Championship, his goals for the season, staying with <a href="https://twitter.com/PREMA_Team?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@PREMA_Team</a> and joining <a href="https://twitter.com/insideFDA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@insideFDA</a> <br /><br />🎬: <a href="https://twitter.com/autofocusbg?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@autofocusbg</a> <a href="https://t.co/PAVX8WttEn">https://t.co/PAVX8WttEn</a></p> — PREMA (@PREMA_Team) <a href="https://twitter.com/PREMA_Team/status/1108398847968071686?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 20, 2019</a></blockquote> <p>Very little has been heard about Michael since his 2013 skiing incident, but Mick has continued to rise into prominence with his own racing career. The young German is driving for the Prema team this year after winning his first major title at the European Formula 3 series in 2018.</p> <p>Mick, who joined the Ferrari Driver Academy in January, also talked about moving from F3 to F2 racing. "The step itself isn't that huge from F3 … it's more understanding the tyre at 100 percent," he said. "That will be the most difficult part … It’s a good challenge."</p> <p>Mick will begin his first Formula 2 campaign in Bahrain next week.</p>

News

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Apple vs Android: How are they different

<p><em><strong>Lisa Du is director of <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.readytechgo.com.au/" target="_blank">ReadyTechGo</a></span>, a service that helps people gain the confidence and skills to embrace modern technology.</strong></em></p> <p>It's no secret that in the technology world, there is great debate as to whether Apple or Android provide a better device and experience. We aren't going to debate that fact today, but we are going to fill you in on some key points about these two differing products so can make the informed decision for yourself!</p> <p><strong>Software</strong></p> <p>The biggest difference between Apple and Android is the software they use. Apple utilise "iOS" (Eye-Oh-Ess) on their iPhones and iPads. Android currently use "Nougat", but have used "Marshmallow" and "Jellybean" previously - keeping in line with naming their software after other sweet treats!</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Apple iOS</span></p> <p>iOS is designed to look and function almost identically across Apple's iPads and iPhones, allowing for a seamless experience which can be more comfortable for some technology users. One main thing to bear in mind with iOS is that whilst settings are adjustable to a certain extent, it is not user customisable - meaning that default fonts, sounds and layouts are permanently set.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Android </span></p> <p>Android is designed to run on a number of different brands, such as Samsung, HTC and Huawei. Whilst it does not function as seamlessly across their smartphones and tablets, Android has the ability to be vastly more customisable - being able to change fonts or set custom ringtones on your smartphone.</p> <p><strong>Apps</strong></p> <p>A smartphone or tablet is only as good as what you can do with it, and apps are the biggest way to get the most out of them.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">App Store</span></p> <p>Apple devices can download apps from the App Store, which currently houses around 2 million apps. The apps available to Apple devices only, and provide apps for things such as entertainment, education, finance and music. There are a number of free apps, and the price can generally range between $1.99 - $9.99, with the most expensive app currently being a cool $999.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Google Play Store</span></p> <p>Android devices can download apps from the Google Play store by default, but can also acquire apps from the Amazon Underground App Store - altogether providing Android users with roughly 2.8 million options for apps. As with the App Store, there are a number of apps at different price points, with the most expensive app in the Google Play store being capped at $200.</p> <p><strong>Backing up</strong></p> <p>With any tech device that stores you data, it is important to ensure you are making regular back ups.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">iCloud (or iTunes)</span></p> <p>Apple iOS devices can be backed up to iCloud - a wireless storage space. iCloud requires you to have an Apple ID logged in to your device. When turned on, iCloud will automatically back up your iPad or iPhone when your device is charging and connected to your WiFi network. Alternatively, you can connect your device to your computer using the charging cable, and use iTunes to back up your data to your computer.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Google (or your PC)</span></p> <p>Android devices can be backed up to Google servers, which is also a wireless storage space like iCloud. To do this, you will need a Google Account, which means creating a Gmail email or using one you currently have. Then, the backup will complete over your WiFi network when connected to power. Alternatively, you can connect your Android device to your PC and back up using a program like <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.koushikdutta.backup&amp;hl=en">Helium</a></strong></span>, downloaded onto both your Android device and your PC.</p> <p>Which do you prefer: Apple or Android? Share your reasons in the comments below.</p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/technology/2017/02/how-to-completely-erase-your-smartphone/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>How to completely erase your smartphone</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/technology/2017/01/rise-of-grandtechies/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>The rise of the “grandtechies”</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/technology/2017/01/pat-pascoe-loves-learning-about-tech/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>90-year-old nanna loves learning about tech</strong></em></span></a></p>

Technology

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This is the best phone camera in the world

<p>Sony's latest smartphone has the best camera, with Samsung in second place and the top iPhone in eighth, according to new tests.</p> <p>The tests by DxOMark are both highly regarded and exhaustive, giving users an independent assessment of cameras.</p> <p>Sony has positioned itself as the top camera sensor maker in the world and it also has an extensive range of cameras, so it's no surprise its phones can take great photos and video.</p> <p>The Z5 was released in New Zealand last week and costs $1200, which puts it in the high-end range alongside flagship phones from other manufacturers. Interestingly, Sony has also put that same camera into the Z5 Compact, which is $200 cheaper.</p> <p>DxOMark said the Z5 has the fastest autofocus, and praised its performance in low light which earned it a score of 87.</p> <p>The most recent DxOMark test was done for the latest iPhones, which were described as "solid and compelling". The test noted that despite a new sensor the 6S range wasn't significantly better than the previous models.</p> <p>The 6S ranked at No. 10 with a score of 82, which is the same score as last year's models.</p> <p>DxOMark also criticised Apple: "Apple's technology is unable to keep noise at competitive levels." Noise is the presence of colour speckles where there should be none.</p> <p>Apple is likely to be disappointed at the test as it heavily promotes its phones' photographic capabilities.</p> <p>Samsung took the No. 2 spot, with its Galaxy S6 Edge scoring 86. The Note 4, which is about a year old, did well too, scoring 83. The Note 5 has not been tested yet.</p> <p>The No. 3 place was taken by the recently released Google Nexus 6P which is made by Huawei.</p> <p>It was praised for having the best performance in low light. Also, it has a 12MP camera which shows it's not only the number of megapixels that matter.</p> <p><strong>The top 10:</strong></p> <p>1. Sony Xperia Z5 (87)</p> <p>2. Samsung S6 Edge (86)</p> <p>3. Google Nexus 6P (84)</p> <p>4. LG G4 (83)</p> <p>5. Samsung Note 4 (83)</p> <p>6. Moto X Style (83)</p> <p>7. Sony Xperia Z3+ (82)</p> <p>8. iPhone 6 Plus (82)</p> <p>9. iPhone 6 (82)</p> <p>10. iPhone 6S (82)</p> <p>Are you satisfied with your phone camera?</p> <p><em>First appeared on <a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Stuff.co.nz</span></strong></a>.</em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/technology/2017/01/how-to-use-your-smartphone-to-read-foreign-languages/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>How to use your smartphone to read foreign languages</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/technology/2017/01/how-to-take-a-screenshot/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>How to take a screenshot</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/technology/2016/12/how-your-smartphone-can-save-time/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>5 ways your smartphone can save you time</strong></em></span></a></p>

Technology

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Kindles compared: which one is the best?

<p>I have a problem. It's a problem worth sharing. It's a problem I know others have.</p> <p>If an alert pops up on my screen, I cannot help checking it. Instant message, text message, email or alert, the allure is irresistible. It's enough to distract me from what I am doing at the time to flick into a new app, tab or screen to ensure it's nothing urgent.</p> <p>This is part-occupational necessity, part character flaw. And I'm not ashamed to admit it. For some it's the fear of missing out (Fomo), for me it's Fomsu - the fear of missing something urgent.</p> <p>This is why when I truly need to relax, I turn to a novel. A book can be guaranteed not to send you anything work related. No badges or alerts will pop up mid page; it won't ring; it won't sound a siren to signal an incoming problem.</p> <p>All it will do is take you from where you are to where the author wants you to be. For this reason, I have clung to the printed page as a life raft in the tumultuous sea of work-life balance.</p> <p>But also among my character flaws is the need for instant gratification - the latest <em>New York Times</em> bestseller when I want it - in a form that I can tuck into my handbag for flights.</p> <p>For this reason, I've used the Kindle app on my smartphone and tablet for the past couple of years and here my problem arises. My lit-laxation is constantly interrupted by work.</p> <p>The release of two new Kindle models proved the perfect opportunity to try an alternative. The top-of-the-range Voyage arrived in a few months ago and the latest version of the Paperwhite was released recently. Both provide a really good reading experience - with no interruptions.</p> <p>As a book lover, it's hard not to love both models. Both have an e-paper backlit screen, which means no more lights-on/lights-off fights in bed. But unlike other backlit devices, the light feels gentle on your eyes even at the end of a long day of screen time.</p> <p>Kindle has worked hard over successive models, to promote the Kindle as a screen that's not really a screen, even promoting its devices to parents keen to cut down on kids' screen time.</p> <p>The Voyage has the slight advantage over the Paperwhite after sundown in that it includes a function that automatically adjusts brightness depending in the light in a room.</p> <p>Both models have the same e-paper screen resolution with 300 pixels per inch, about twice as many as older models which means the text appears sharper. Even with text enlarged and reduced to maximum or minimum size, both are pleasantly readable and unpixelated. Both have a six-inch screen, which for this booklover is just the right size.</p> <p>The devices are a similar size and weight, with the Voyage housed in a slicker, slightly slimmer casing, while the Paperwhite feels reassuringly sturdy. I loved the slightly contoured casing, which made one-handed reading easy.</p> <p>Turning pages is achieved through a swipe on the screen, while the Voyage has the added feature of a page turns via an impression of the side of the device. This method produces a slight vibration, or satisfying "thunk", making page turns reassuring tactile.</p> <p>Both models include Kindle's 'X-ray' function which allows users to look up the meaning of words, or find multiple references to characters within the same book - handy for complex works or plot twists and turns. Like previous models, the Voyage and Paperwhite include discreet displays showing the percentage of book read and location. Both include the ability to bookmark a page and the capacity to move easily between books in your library (all sourced from Amazon).</p> <p>Both devices do exactly what they say on the box and little more. They are tools for reading books. The Voyage and Paperwhite feel low-tech when moving from a smartphone, with simple monochrome displays and a singular purpose, but again, this is part of the appeal.</p> <p>They do one thing and they do it well. They will not give you breaking news, light your way, or give you the latest from the NZX, but they will let you read a book, where and when you want it, without a single interruption.</p> <p>The Voyage is a sleek, reading device. The screen is brighter than the Paperwhite and the styling slicker. Whether this, and the additional page-turn functionality, is worth the $120 that separates the two will depend entirely on your budget.</p> <p>For me, the Paperwhite provided everything I needed, and I would spend the price difference on a few more books with which to while away my downtime.</p> <p>Are you a regular kindle user, or do you prefer the tangible feel of regular book?</p> <p>Let us know in the comments below.</p> <p><em>Written by Joanna Norris. First appeared on <a href="http://Stuff.co.nz" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Stuff.co.nz</span></strong></a>.</em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="/entertainment/books/2015/11/real-books-are-better/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Why real books will always be best</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="/entertainment/technology/2014/07/never-pay-for-an-ebook-again/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>NEVER pay for an ebook again</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="/entertainment/technology/2015/03/reading-tablet-in-bed-harmful/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">You’ll think twice before using your tablet in bed after reading this</span></em></strong></a></p>

Technology

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What happiness looked like 80 years ago compared to now

<p>We all want happiness, but what does happiness look like to you? Has it changed over the years? And how is it influenced by the times you live in? Let’s take a look.</p> <p>In 1938, a social research organisation placed an advert in a local British newspaper, the Bolton Evening News, asking readers: “What is happiness?” The top three answers by the 226 respondents were security, knowledge and religion.</p> <p>Fast forward to 2014 when psychologists Sandie McHugh and Jerome Carson from the University of Bolton decided to recreate the famous study in the same town. They ran an advertisement in the same newspaper, which is now called The Bolton News, asking readers to define happiness. The 489 answers revealed that people don’t quite think of happiness in the same way they used to. In 2014, security was still in the top three, but good humour and leisure came in at first and second places.</p> <p>In both surveys, people were asked to rank 10 potential “ingredients” to happiness from most important to least important. These were the findings:</p> <ul> <li>Religion, which was seen as the third most important factor in 1938, has fallen to 10th (and bottom) place in 2014.</li> <li>In 1938, luck was perceived to be an important contributor to happiness by only 20 per cent of respondents. In 2014, people believed it to be 41 per cent.</li> <li>The majority of people said they were happiest when they were in Bolton in 1938 but in 2014, 63 per cent said they were happier away from the town.</li> <li>While people were happy most of the time 80 years ago, recent respondents said their happiness tended to be concentrated on weekends.</li> <li>However, both generations agreed that money cannot buy happiness. Respondents in 1938 said they only needed “a little bit put by for a rainy day” with 2014 participants echoing a similar sentiment. Seventy-six per cent said happiness wasn't linked to the amount of their material possessions; instead it was about "simple things like going out for a walk with the dog."</li> </ul> <p>Study author Sandie McHugh said: "The overall impression from the correspondence in 1938 is that happiness factors were rooted in everyday lives at home and within the community. In 2014 many comments value family and friends, with good humour and leisure time also ranked highly."</p> <p> </p>

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