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Are fish oil supplements as healthy as we think? And is eating fish better?

<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/evangeline-mantzioris-153250">Evangeline Mantzioris</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a> Fish oil, which contains omega-3 fatty acids, is promoted for a number of health benefits – from boosting our heart health, protecting our brain from dementia, and easing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. But what exactly are omega-3 fats and what does the evidence say about their benefits for keeping us healthy? And if they are good for us, does eating fish provide the same benefit as supplements? <h2>What are omega-3 fats?</h2> Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. They are essential to consume in our diet because we can’t make them in our body. Three main types of omega-3 fats are important in our diet: <ul> <li> alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is found in plant foods such as green leafy vegetables, walnuts, flaxseed and chia seeds </li> <li> eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), which is only found in seafood, eggs (higher in free-range rather than cage eggs) and breast milk </li> <li> docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is also only found in seafood, eggs (again, higher in free-range eggs) and breast milk. </li> </ul> Omega 3s are key to the structure of our cells, and help keep our heart, lungs, blood vessels, and immune system working. <h2>Eating fish vs taking a supplement</h2> The initial studies suggesting omega-3 fats may have health benefits came from <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb08198.x">observational studies on people eating fish</a>, not from fish oil. So are the “active ingredients” from supplements – the EPA and DHA – absorbed into our body in the same way as fish? An <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523281484">intervention study</a> (where one group was given fish and one group fish oil supplements) found the levels of EPA and DHA in your body increase in a similar way when you consume equal amounts of them from either fish or fish oil. But this assumes it is just the omega-3 fats that provide health benefits. There are other <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/science/monitoringnutrients/afcd/pages/default.aspx">components of fish</a>, such as protein, vitamins A and D, iodine, and selenium that could be wholly or jointly responsible for the health benefits. The health benefits seen may also be partially due to the absence of certain nutrients that would have otherwise been consumed from other types of meat (red meat and processed meat) such as saturated fats and salt. <h2>So what are the benefits of omega 3 fats? And does the source matter?</h2> Let’s consider the evidence for heart disease, arthritis and dementia. Heart disease For cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and stroke), a <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3/full">meta-analysis</a>, which provides the highest quality evidence, has shown fish oil supplementation probably makes little or no difference. Another <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2278">meta-analysis</a> found for every 20 grams per day of fish consumed it reduced the risk of coronary heart disease by 4%. The <a href="https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/getmedia/f1d22267-7381-4513-834b-df317bed9a40/Nutrition_Position_Statement_-_DIETARY_FAT_FINAL-4.pdf">National Heart Foundation</a> recommends, based on the scientific evidence, eating fish rich in omega-3 fats for optimal heart health. <a href="https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/17/3/385.pdf">Fish vary in their omega-3 levels</a> and generally the fishier they taste the more omega-3 fats they have – such as tuna, salmon, deep sea perch, trevally, mackeral and snook. The foundation says fish oil may be beneficial for people with heart failure or high triglycerides, a type of fat that circulates in the blood that increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. But it doesn’t recommend fish oil for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (heart attack and stroke). Arthritis For rheumatoid arthritis, <a href="https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-022-02781-2">studies</a> have shown fish oil supplements do provide benefits in reducing the severity and the progression of the disease. Eating fish also leads to these improvements, but as the level of EPA and DHA needed is high, often it’s difficult and expensive to consume that amount from fish alone. <a href="https://arthritisaustralia.com.au/managing-arthritis/living-with-arthritis/complementary-treatments-and-therapies/fish-oils/">Arthritis Australia</a> recommends, based on the evidence, about 2.7 grams of EPA and DHA a day to reduce joint inflammation. Most supplements contain about 300-400mg of omega-3 fats. So depending on how much EPA and DHA is in each capsule, you may need nine to 14 capsules (or five to seven capsules of fish oil concentrate) a day. This is about 130g-140g of grilled salmon or mackeral, or 350g of canned tuna in brine (almost four small tins). Dementia <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327807001421?via%3Dihub">Epidemiological studies</a> have shown a positive link between an increased DHA intake (from diet) and a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, a type of dementia. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327807001421?via%3Dihub">Animal studies</a> have shown DHA can alter markers that are used to assess brain function (such as accumulation of amyloid – a protein thought to be linked to dementia, and damage to tau protein, which helps stabilise nerve cells in the brain). But this hasn’t been shown in humans yet. A systematic review of <a href="http://betamedarts.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/31Psychiatriki03_2020.pdf#page=58">multiple studies in people</a> has shown different results for omega-3 fats from supplements. In the two studies that gave omega-3 fats as supplements to people with dementia, there was no improvement. But when given to people with mild cognitive impairment, a condition associated with increased risk of progressing to dementia, there was an improvement. Another <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25446949/">meta-anlayses</a> (a study of studies) showed a higher intake of fish was linked to lower risk of Alzheimers, but this relationship was not observed with total dietary intake of omega-3 fats. This indicates there may be other protective benefits derived from eating fish. In line with the evidence, the <a href="https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/omega-3-and-dementia#:%7E:text=This%20could%20suggest%20that%20taking,its%20own%20may%20not%20be.">Alzheimer’s Society</a> recommends eating fish over taking fish oil supplements. <h2>So what’s the bottom line?</h2> The more people stick to a healthy, plant-based diet with fish and minimal intakes of ultra-processed foods, the better their health will be. At the moment, the evidence suggests fish oil is beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis, particularly if people find it difficult to eat large amounts of fish. For dementia and heart disease, it’s best to try to eat your omega-3 fats from your diet. While plant foods contain ALA, this will not be as efficient as increasing EPA and DHA levels in your body by eating seafood. Like any product that sits on the shop shelves, check the use-by date of the fish oil and make sure you will be able to consume it all by then. The chemical structure of EPA and DHA makes <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224421005422">it susceptible to degradation</a>, which affects its nutritional value. Store it in cold conditions, preferably in the fridge, away from light. Fish oil can have some annoying side effects, such as fishy burps, but generally there are <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664575/">minimal serious side effects</a>. However, it’s important to discuss taking fish oil with all your treating doctors, particularly if you’re on other medication.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/212250/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/evangeline-mantzioris-153250">Evangeline Mantzioris</a>, Program Director of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Accredited Practising Dietitian, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a> Image credits: Getty Images This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/are-fish-oil-supplements-as-healthy-as-we-think-and-is-eating-fish-better-212250">original article</a>.

Body

740,000km of fishing line and 14 billion hooks: we reveal just how much fishing gear is lost at sea each year

Two per cent of all fishing gear used worldwide ends up polluting the oceans, our <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq0135" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new research</a> finds. To put that into perspective, the amount of longline fishing gear littering the ocean each year can circle the Earth more than 18 times. We interviewed 450 fishers from seven of the world’s biggest fishing countries including Peru, Indonesia, Morocco and the United States, to find out just how much gear enters the global ocean. We found at current loss rates, in 65 years there would be enough fishing nets littering the sea to cover the entire planet. This lost fishing equipment, known as ghost gear, can cause heavy social, economic and environmental damage. Hundreds of thousands of animals <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-018-9520-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">are estimated to die</a> each year from unintentional capture in fishing nets. Derelict nets can continue to fish indiscriminately for decades. Our research findings help highlight where to focus efforts to stem the tide of fishing pollution. It can also help inform fisheries management and policy interventions from local to global scales. <h2>14 billion longline hooks litter the sea each year</h2> The data we collected came directly from fishers themselves. They experience this issue firsthand and are best poised to inform our understanding of fishing gear losses. We surveyed fishers using five major gear types: gillnets, longlines, purse seine nets, trawl nets, and pots and traps. We asked how much fishing gear they used and lost annually, and what gear and vessel characteristics could be making the problem worse. This included vessel and gear size, whether the gear contacts the seafloor, and the total amount of gear used by the vessel. We coupled these surveys with information on global fishing effort data from commercial fisheries. Fishers use different types of nets to catch different types of fish. Our research found the amount of nets littering the ocean each year include: <ul> <li>740,000 kilometres of longline mainlines</li> <li>nearly 3,000 square kilometres of gill nets</li> <li>218 square kilometres of trawl nets</li> <li>75,000 square kilometres of purse seine nets</li> </ul> In addition, fishers lose over 25 million pots and traps and nearly 14 billion longline hooks each year. These estimates cover only commercial fisheries, and don’t include <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97758-4_15" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the amount</a> of fishing line and other gear lost by recreational fishers. We also estimate that between 1.7% and 4.6% of all land-based plastic waste travels into the sea. This amount likely exceeds lost fishing gear. However, fishing gear is designed to catch animals and so is generally understood as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X15002985" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the most environmentally damaging</a> type of plastic pollution in research to date. <h2>Harming fishers and marine life</h2> Nearly 700 species of marine life <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X14008571?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">are known to</a> interact with marine debris, many of which are near threatened. Australian and US <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X15002985#bib6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">research in 2016</a> found fishing gear poses the biggest entanglement threats to marine fauna such as sea turtles, marine mammals, seabirds and whales. Other marine wildlife including sawfish, dugong, hammerhead sharks and crocodiles are also known to get <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2010.00525.x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">entangled in fishing gear</a>. Other <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/conl.12781" target="_blank" rel="noopener">key problematic items</a> include balloons and plastic bags. Lost fishing gear is not only an environmental risk, but it also has an economic impact for the fishers themselves. Every metre of lost net or line is a cost to the fisher – not only to replace the gear but also in its potential catch. <figure></figure> Additionally, many fisheries have already gone through significant reforms to reduce their environmental impact and improve the sustainability of their operations. Some losses are attributable to how gear is operated. For instance, bottom trawl nets – which can get caught on reefs – are lost more often that nets that don’t make contact with the sea floor. The conditions of the ocean can also make a significant difference. For example, fishers commonly reported that bad weather and overcrowding contributes to gear losses. Conflicts between gears coming into contact can also result in gear losses, such as when towed nets cross drifting longlines or gillnets. Where fish are depleted, fishers must expend more effort, operate in worse conditions or locations, and are more likely to come in contact with others’ gear. All these features increase losses. <h2>What do we do about it?</h2> We actually found lower levels of fishing gear losses in our current study than in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/faf.12407" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a previous review</a> of the historical literature on the topic. Technological improvements, such as better weather forecasts and improved marking and tracking of fishing gear may be reducing loss rates. Incentives can further reduce losses resulting in ghost gear. This could include buyback programs for end-of-life fishing gear, reduced cost loans for net replacement, and waste receptacles in ports to encourage fishers to return used fishing gear. Technological improvements and management interventions could also make a difference, such as requirements to mark and track gear, as well as regular gear maintenance and repairs. Developing effective fishing management systems can improve food security, leave us with a healthier environment, and create more profitable businesses for the fishers who operate in it. This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/740-000km-of-fishing-line-and-14-billion-hooks-we-reveal-just-how-much-fishing-gear-is-lost-at-sea-each-year-192024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. Image: CSIRO

Travel Trouble

3 recipes using tinned fish

Tinned fish has always been the friend of the impecunious, which hasn't done much for its reputation. But it can be luxurious too, as anyone who has been seduced by beautifully packaged French sardines that sell for more than five times' their budget supermarket counterpart will tell you. Whatever your financial situation, I like to think there's a tinned fish that suits everyone. Here are three ways to get you started. 1. Mackerel and kumara fishcakes (pictured above) These are not those strange, bouncy fishcakes of dubious origin that often turn up in Thai restaurants. These are superfood fishcakes, with gentle spice, nuggets of oily fish and sweet kumara. Serves: 3-4 as a light meal Ingredients: <ul> <li>2 medium kumara, peeled, cut into chunks</li> <li>1 tablespoon olive oil, plus more for frying</li> <li>2 red onions, finely chopped</li> <li>2 cloves garlic, finely chopped</li> <li>1 tablespoon finely grated fresh ginger</li> <li>1½ teaspoons garam masala</li> <li>finely grated zest of 1 lemon</li> <li>½ cup finely chopped fresh parsley</li> <li>2 eggs</li> <li>420g can mackerel or smoked fish, well drained</li> <li>1 cup panko breadcrumbs</li> </ul> Method: <ol> <li>Boil or steam the kumara until just soft, then drain and mash roughly. Tip into a large bowl and set aside.</li> <li>Heat the oil in a large frying pan, then add the onion, garlic and ginger. Cook for 5 minutes, stirring often, then add the garam masala, a pinch of salt and some cracked black pepper. Cook for a minute or two, then add to the kumara, along with the lemon zest, parsley, one of the eggs and the fish. Stir together gently, then shape into palm-sized cakes.</li> <li>Beat the remaining egg in a shallow dish and put the panko crumbs into another shallow dish. Dip the fishcakes into the egg, then into the crumbs, then set aside.</li> <li>Wipe out the frying pan, then set it over medium heat. Pour a couple of tablespoons of oil into the pan, then cook the fishcakes in batches, turning to ensure a crisp crust on all sides. Remove to a plate and keep warm in a low oven until they are all cooked. Serve immediately with salad greens and aioli.</li> </ol> 2. Sophie's pasta with tuna, currants and olives This recipe is probably the most lasting souvenir I have of a trip to England in 1999. I gleaned the basic idea from watching a cooking show featuring Sophie Grigson, who sported carrot-coloured hair and earrings made from miniature soup ladles. It's gradually evolved to this version, which makes a great fast dinner for two. Serves: 2 Ingredients: <ul> <li>1 red onion, finely chopped</li> <li>3 tablespoons red wine vinegar</li> <li>1 x 180g tin of good-quality tuna in olive oil</li> <li>⅔ cup currants</li> <li>⅔ cup roughly chopped toasted almonds (use sunflower seeds as a budget alternative)</li> <li>1 cup kalamata olives, stoned</li> <li>1 cup finely chopped fresh parsley</li> <li>250-300g dried spaghetti</li> </ul> Method: <ol> <li>Put the onion and red wine vinegar in a small bowl and leave to steep while you get on with organising everything else.</li> <li>Put the water on to boil for the pasta, and add everything except the spaghetti to the onion mixture, including a tablespoon or so of the oil that the tuna came in. Toss together and season with salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste, adding more olive oil if necessary.</li> <li>Cook the spaghetti until it is al dente and drain, then toss it through the sauce. Divide between two bowls and serve immediately.</li> </ol> 3. Creamy salmon and chilli dip If you have smoked-salmon tastes on a tinned-salmon budget, this dip is a godsend. I remember an old friend making something similar for her 21st birthday, daringly served with crostini and celery sticks. In a world of chips 'n' reduced cream dip, this was haute cuisine indeed. It's also good as a sandwich filling or piled on crusty toast for breakfast. Makes: About 2 cups Ingredients: <ul> <li>1 cup cream cheese, softened</li> <li>finely grated zest of 1 lemon, plus some of the juice</li> <li>1-2 teaspoons hot chilli sauce (tabasco, sriracha etc)</li> <li>1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh mint</li> <li>1 cup (about a 200g tin) red salmon</li> </ul> Method: 1. Put the cream cheese, lemon zest and chilli sauce in a small bowl and beat with a fork until smooth. Flake the salmon, then gently fold it into the cream cheese mixture with the mint. Add a little lemon juice if it seems a bit stiff. Taste again for seasoning – add some salt and freshly cracked black pepper until the balance is right. Use immediately or cover and store in the fridge for up to 3 days. Images: Getty

Food & Wine

Where is your seafood really from?

Fake foods are invading our supermarkets, as foods we love are substituted or adulterated with lower value or unethical <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JFC-09-2020-0179/full/html">goods</a>. Food fraud threatens human health but is also bad news for industry and sustainable food <a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I8791EN/">production</a>. Seafood is one of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X14003246">most traded food products</a> in the world and reliant on convoluted supply chains that leave the the door wide open for seafood <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-018-0826-z">fraud</a>. Our new <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/faf.12703">study</a>, published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/faf.12703">Fish and Fisheries</a>, showcases a new approach for determining the provenance or “origin” of many seafood species. By identifying provenance, we can detect fraud and empower authorities and businesses to stop it. This makes it more likely that the food you buy is, in fact, the food you truly want to eat. <h2>Illegal fishing and seafood fraud</h2> Wild-caught seafood is vulnerable to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing can have a devastating impact on the marine environment because: <ul> <li> it is a major cause of overfishing, constituting an estimated one-fifth of <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/faf.12462">seafood</a> </li> <li> it can destroy marine habitats, such coral reefs, through destructive fishing methods such as blast bombing and cyanide fishing </li> <li> it can significantly harm wildlife, such as albatross and turtles, which are caught as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320714003140">by-catch</a>. </li> </ul> So how is illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing connected to seafood fraud? Seafood fraud allows this kind of fishing to flourish as illegal products are laundered through legitimate supply <a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I8791EN/">chains</a>. A recent <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2003741117">study</a> in the United States found when seafood is mislabelled, it is more likely to be substituted for a product from less healthy fisheries with management policies that are less likely to reduce the environmental impacts of fishing. One <a href="https://usa.oceana.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/fraud_gap_report_final_6_6_16.pdf">review</a> of mislabelled seafood in the US found that out of 180 substituted species, 25 were considered threatened, endangered, or critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Illegal fishing and seafood fraud also has a human cost. It can: <ul> <li> adversely affect the livelihoods of law-abiding fishers and seafood <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128015926000048">businesses</a> </li> <li> threaten food security </li> <li> facilitate human rights abuses such as forced labour and <a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-32811-5_127-1.pdf">piracy</a> </li> <li> increase risk of exposure to pathogens, drugs, and other banned substances in <a href="https://usa.oceana.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/fraud_gap_report_final_6_6_16.pdf">seafood</a>. </li> </ul> <h2>The chemical fingerprints in shells and bones</h2> A vast range of marine animals are harvested for food every year, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and <a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en/">echinoderms</a>. However, traditional food provenance methods are typically designed to identify one species at a time. That might benefit the species and industry in question, but it is expensive and time consuming. As such, current methods are restricted to a relatively small number of species. In our study, we described a broader, universal method to identify provenance and detect fraud. How? We harnessed natural chemical markers imprinted in the shells and bones of marine animals. These markers reflect an animal’s environment and can identify where they are from. We focused on a chemical marker that is similar across many different marine animals. This specific chemical marker, known as “oxygen isotopes”, is determined by ocean composition and temperature rather than an animal’s biology. Exploiting this commonality and how it relates to the local environment, we constructed a global ocean map of oxygen isotopes that helps researchers understand where a marine animal may be from (by matching the oxygen isotope value in shells and bones to the oxygen isotope value in the map). After rigorous testing, we demonstrated this global map (or “isoscape”) can be used to correctly identify the origins of a wide range of marine animals living in different latitudes. For example, we saw up to 90% success in classifying fish, cephalopods, and shellfish between the tropical waters of Southeast Asia and the cooler waters of southern Australia. <h2 class="align-center zoomable" style="text-align: left;">What next?</h2> Oxygen isotopes, as a universal marker, worked well on a range of animals collected from different latitudes and across broad geographic areas. Our next step is to integrate oxygen isotopes with other universal chemical markers to gives clues on longitude and refine our approach. Working out the provenance of seafood is a large and complex challenge. No single approach is a silver bullet for all species, fisheries or industries. But our approach represents a step towards a more inclusive, global system for validating seafood provenance and fighting seafood fraud. Hopefully, this will mean ensure fewer marine species are left behind and more consumer confidence in the products we buy. Dr Jasmin Martino, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, contributed to this research and article.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/189471/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/zoe-doubleday-393169">Zoe Doubleday</a>, Marine Ecologist and ARC Future Fellow, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a> This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/where-is-your-seafood-really-from-were-using-chemical-fingerprinting-to-fight-seafood-fraud-and-illegal-fishing-189471">original article.</a> Image: Getty

Food & Wine

My fishing story: Kaye Sutton Wheeler

Over60 community member, Kaye Sutton Wheeler, shares her fishing story. I work at a remote Aboriginal school on a North-East Kimberley station that has some of the most spectacular fishing spots imaginable; with barramundi lying in wait to just leap onto your line. Places on the Dunham River (tributary of the Ord) with names given by the locals, such as Pandanus, Wilson's, Drop-off, Reef, Front Gorge, Back Gorge, Gullering. A really memorable day was when I went out with a local family. A mob sitting on mattresses on the back of the tray back, more crammed into the Toyota and me driving between them – about 70 kilometres through the bush on the station, heading for some far off landmark. After driving for about an hour, we pulled up at a sandy riverbank. All the women leapt off and ran to the water's edge, lines arcing into the water, reels looped over wrists. Large bream were caught at a frenetic pace and thrown onto the bank. When they gauged there were enough, all the fish were scooped up into T-shirts and thrown into the back of the Toyota, and on we drove off. A couple of hours later we stopped at a stunning gorge. Everyone go out of the car, dads, mums, teenagers, kids, babies, even grannies. The young men quickly gathered wood and started a fire, and then the blokes and kids claimed their fishing spots. Some women started chopping up potatoes, carrots and onions, while others washed and scaled the bream. All went into a camp oven with curry powder and other spices and left to cook. The babies were sleeping on a blanket in the shade, and then the women each found a fishing spot. No conversation, just fishing, while a myriad of multi-coloured rainbow honeyeaters flitted and twittered in and out of the overhead branches, accompanied by the occasional splash of a fish jumping up to grab an unsuspecting insect and the frantic splashing of the barramundi, bream and catfish as they were hauled in by these expert fisher-folk. Fish curry for lunch, a nana nap under the trees – I finally “get” fishing. Image: Getty Images

Home & Garden

New Zealand's ‘first man’ opens up on wedding plans with Prime Minister Ardern

Clarke Gayford told Sunrise he and Jacinda have put preparations “on the backburner” after the whole country was plunged into a COVID-19 lockdown last week. The wedding, scheduled for this summer in Gisborne on the North Island, has been anticipated for some time since the pair were engaged at Easter two years ago. But Gayford continued: “Unfortunately this latest lockdown has kind of just put everything on the backburner for the interim, so there will be a whole flurry of activity closer to the time,” he said. The 43-year-old, who shares a three-year-old daughter with Ardern, said the couple had not planned a honeymoon, admitting: “I don’t think we’ve even had that conversation.” Promoting his new fishing book as well <img style="width: 396.7611336032388px; height: 500px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7843422/clarke-gayford-fish-of-the-day.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/13ed5fa3c66748949033a697f179f780" /> Gayford, who’s been a successful television and radio host for the past 20 years, was talking on Sunrise to promote his new fishing book which he has co-authored with Mike Bhana. Called Fish Of The Day – the book is based on Gayford’s fishing show of the same name and includes travel tips, recipes and more. Gayford told the Sunrise hosts, Natalie Barr and David Koch, he has been teaching Ardern how to fish and she’s “actually pretty good.” “I can say that she has got enthusiastically into some of the fishing trips that we’ve been able to get stuck into,” he said. “I’ve been teaching her how to soft bait and a style of fishing called speed-jigging and she’s very determined when she sets her mind to it.” The Kiwi said his first fishing trip with Ardern was “absolutely magic.” “It went dead flat, we had a whale show up, her first cast she got a 14 pound (6.3kg) snapper, her very next cast she caught this huge john dory - and she thought that was what fishing was always like. ”So she was hooked from that point onwards,” he laughed. Photos: Getty Images

Relationships

Surprise discovery of huge tropical fish on US beach

A large colourful fish has washed ashore on the US coast, with aquarium officials describing it as a rare occurrence. The 45-kilogram opah fish, also called a moon fish, was found on Sunset Beach in Seaside, a city in northwest Oregon. “While rare this far north it is not unheard of,” Seaside Aquarium said of the unusual appearance of the fish in the area in a <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/SeasideAquarium/posts/6224256220917665" target="_blank">Facebook post</a>. Keith Chandler, the general manager of Seaside Aquarium, told CNN that finding an opah on the Oregon coast is “uncommon” and that the fish was “in such great shape”. “They’re pretty cool fish, and we don’t normally see them on the shore,” said Mr Chandler. “It was pretty exciting for locals.” Due to the condition of the fish, Mr Chandler believes it had been on the beach for less than an hour before aquarium staff were notified. “Unfortunately, it washed up not living, but we got to it before the birds,” he said. Mr Chandler said the opah is being stored in a large freezer, and that one lucky school group would get the chance to dissect the fish once the school year starts. According to the <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/opah#overview" target="_blank">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a>, little is known about the opah since they live deep in the ocean. The species is usually found in temperate and tropical waters. The NOAA describes the opah as having a silvery-grey, round body, with a rose red belly, red fins, and eyes encircled with gold. Image: Seaside Aquarium / Facebook

International Travel

Panicked sea lions almost sink fishing boat

A fishing crew in southern Chile had a surprising catch, after dozens of sea lions tried to board their boat en masse to escape a pack of hunting killer whales. Fisherman Antonio Zapata said he had never experienced anything like it in his four decades at sea, despite the fact that encountering hunting orcas was a relatively common experience. Though the crew were sympathetic to the plight of the sea lions, they feared the boat would be damaged or sink even lower into the water under the combined weight of the animals and a full haul of sardines. “They were trying to climb on board and we had to spread ourselves around the vessel to try to get them off with sticks because the ones that were getting on were making us sink,” he said. “It was a dangerous situation because we couldn’t get the sea lions to go away or make the killer whales leave either.” Footage captured on a mobile phone showed the water around the boat filled with thrashing sea lions. Though the 10-man crew could be heard joking in the video, Mr Zapata said they were also genuinely worried they could end up in the water too. <iframe width="600" height="338" src="https://rudo.video/vod/bLSQN9/skin/simple/o/MjAyMS8wNi9sb2Jvcy1tYXJpbm9zLTc1MHg0MDAuanBlZw==" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" allow="autoplay; fullscreen"></iframe> “There were so many sea lions around the hull that we couldn’t move much - every time we did they got caught up in the propellers and I was worried they could break them altogether,” he said. The crew attempted to approach a nearby island so the sea lions could take refuge there instead, but the whales blocked them from nearing the shore. Once the whales finally drifted away, the sea lions were able to swim for cover as the boat neared the Talcahuano port. “Some of the sea lions came with us into port. We couldn’t get rid of them,” Mr Zapata said. Image: ABC news

International Travel

Dinner to die for: how fish use their spines to fend off hungry seals

What price are you willing to pay for food? For most of us, that’s a question about money. But what if the cost were actual pain, injury and death? For some seals and dolphins, this a real risk when hunting. We took a <a href="https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03473">close look</a> at a New Zealand (or long-nosed) fur seal that stranded at Cape Conran in southeastern Australia, and discovered it had numerous severe facial injuries. These wounds were all caused by fish spines, and they show the high price these animals are willing to pay in pursuit of a meal. Victim or perpetrator? When the unfortunate seal was first spotted dead on the beach, it was clear something was amiss: the animal was emaciated, and had a large fish spine stuck in its cheek. A team of scientists from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), Museums Victoria and Monash University decided to investigate, and took a CT scan of the seal’s head. The results were striking: fish spines had penetrated not just both cheeks, but also the nose and jaw muscles. On closer examination, we also found ten stab wounds, likely from further fish spines that had been pulled out. The wounds were spread all over the face and throat, and at least some appear to have festered. They may have made feeding difficult, and ultimately may have caused the animal to starve. These wounds were likely not the result of unprovoked attacks. They were probably inflicted by prey that simply did not want to be eaten. How to fight off a hungry seal … or at least teach it a lesson Many fish species have evolved elaborate defence systems against predators, such as venomous spines that can inflict painful wounds. Our seal appears to have been done in by two species of cartilaginous fish. One was the elusive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_ghostshark">Australian ghostshark</a> (also known as elephant fish), a distant relative of true sharks that has a large serrated spine on its back. The other was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolophidae">stingaree</a>: a type of small stingray with a venomous tail barb that can be whipped around like a scorpion’s tail. Its sting is normally aimed at would-be predators, but sometimes also catches the feet of unwary humans. How to eat a spiky fish Until recently, most of what we knew about the diet New Zealand fur seals was based on bony remains left in their poo. This technique largely overlooks cartilaginous fish, whose skeletons are made of cartilage instead of bone. As a result, we didn’t realise fur seals target these creatures. New <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12686-016-0560-9">studies of the DNA of devoured prey</a> in the seals’ scats now suggest they commonly feed on ghostsharks. Stingarees and other rays are less common, but evidently still form part of their diet. So how do the seals handle such dangerous prey on a regular basis? It all comes down to table manners. Ghostsharks and rays are too large to be swallowed whole, and hence must be broken into smaller chunks first. Fur seals achieve this by violently shaking their prey at the water’s surface, largely because <a href="https://theconversation.com/sharp-claws-helped-ancient-seals-conquer-the-oceans-92828">their flippers are no longer capable of grasping and tearing</a>. Fur seals can eat small fish whole, but need to tear large prey into edible chunks. Shaking a fish in the right way (for example by gripping it at the soft belly) may allow seals to kill and consume it without getting impaled. Nevertheless, some risk remains, whether because of struggling prey, poor technique, or simply bad luck. The wounds on our seal’s cheeks suggest that it may accidentally have slapped itself with a ghostshark spine while trying to tear it apart. Fish spines – a common problem? One of the challenges we face as scientists is knowing how to interpret isolated observations. Are fish spines a common problem for fur seals, or was our individual just particularly unlucky? We don’t know. New techniques like analysing DNA from scats means that we are only just beginning to get a better idea of the full range of prey marine mammals target. Likewise, medical imaging techniques such as CT scanning are rarely applied to marine mammal strandings, and injuries like the ones in our seal may often go unnoticed. Nevertheless, fish spine injuries have been observed in other ocean predators, including dolphins, killer whales, and rays. One wedgefish described in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.170674">another recent study</a> had as many as 62 spines embedded in its jaw! Now that we know what to look for, we may finally get a better idea of how common such injuries really are. For now, this extraordinary example vividly demonstrates the choices and dangers wild animals face as they try to make a living. For our seal, the seafood ultimately won, but we will never know if the fish that killed it got away, or if the wounds they left are evidence of the seal’s last meal. Written by David Hocking, Felix Georg Marx, Silke Cleuren and William Parker. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/dinner-to-die-for-how-fish-use-their-spines-to-fend-off-hungry-seals-133627">The Conversation.</a>

Cruising

What we learn from a fish that can change sex in just ten days

The bluehead wrasse is a fish that lives in small social groups in coral reefs in the Caribbean. Only the male has a blue head – signalling his social dominance over a harem of yellow-striped females. If this male is removed from the group, something extraordinary happens: the largest female in the group changes sex to become male. Her behaviour changes within minutes. Within ten days, her ovaries transform into sperm-producing testes. Within 21 days she appears completely male. But how does the wrasse change sex, and why did evolution select this system? Also, given that fish share sex-determining genes with mammals, would an understanding of this provide new insight into how sex works in humans and other animals? How does the transformation happen? The trigger for sex change in the bluehead wrasse and some other species <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29304633">is social</a>. When the male fish is removed, the largest female immediately senses his absence and adopts full male breeding behaviours the same day. How this social cue translates into molecular action remains a bit of a mystery, but it probably involves stress. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28890443">are associated with</a> temperature-based sex determination in other fish and reptiles. Cortisol probably alters reproductive function by impacting sex hormone levels. Stress could be the unifying mechanism that channels environmental information into a change in sex. Our <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaaw7006">research</a> traced changes in the activity of all 20,000-odd bluehead wrasse genes during the female to male transformation. Unsurprisingly, we found the gene that produces the female hormone (estrogen) rapidly shuts off, and genes responsible for making male hormones (androgens) are turned on. Hundreds of other genes required for being female (including genes that make egg components) also progressively shut down, while genes required for maleness (including genes that make sperm components) turn on. Epigenetics We also noticed changes in the activity of developmentally important genes whose roles in sex determination remain unknown. This included genes known to “epigenetically” regulate the activity of other genes. Epigenetics refers to regulation “above the gene”. For example, there are many fish and reptile species in which the sex of developing embryos is determined <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28804140">by environmental cues</a>, such as the temperature at which eggs are incubated. The sex is not determined by different genes, but by the environment impacting the activity of these genes. Similar mechanisms regulate adult sex change in fish, so this may be important in translating the social cue into molecular action. Surprisingly, we saw the turn-on of some powerful genes that are active in embryos and stem cells. These genes keep cells in a neutral embryo-like state, from which they can mature (differentiate) into any tissue type. They can also revert differentiated cells to an embryo-like state. This suggests that transitioning from ovaries to testes in wrasse involves reversing the cell differentiation process – something scientists have argued about for decades. What are the advantages? <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00266.x">Researchers have identified</a> more than 500 fish species that regularly change sex as adults. Clown fish begin life as males, then change into females, and kobudai do the opposite. Some species, including gobies, can change sex back and forth. The transformation may be triggered by age, size, or social status. Sex change is an <a href="https://ourblueplanet.bbcearth.com/blog/?article=incredible-sex-changing-fish-from-blue-planet">advantage</a> when an individual’s reproductive value is greater as one sex when it is small, and greater as the other sex when it grows bigger. If females benefit more than males from being larger (because they can lay more eggs), male-to-female sex change is most advantageous. But if (as for wrasse) males gain more from being large, because they can better defend their breeding territories and mate with many females, female-to-male sex change is optimal. Sex change might also <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-01/esoa-tao011320.php">advantage</a> a population recovering from overfishing, which often targets larger fish and leaves the population deficient in one sex. Thus, a mechanism for replacing the missing sex would be an advantage. Why can’t humans change sex naturally? Male and female wrasse differ in size, colour, behaviour, but especially in their reproductive organs – the ovary and testes. Sex change in the wrasse involves complete remodelling of the gonad from an ovary producing eggs to a testis producing sperm. This differs from other fish that routinely change sex when they get big enough. Their gonads contain both male and female tissues, and sex change occurs when one outgrows the other. So, fish employ all sorts of strategies to get the most out of sex. In contrast, humans and other mammals determine sex via a gene on the male-only Y chromosome. This gene triggers the formation of testes in the embryo, which unleash male hormones and direct male development of the baby. The human sex system is nowhere near as flexible as that of fish or reptiles. There is no evidence any environmental factors influence the sex determination of mammalian embryos, let alone cause sex change in adults. That said, humans share with all vertebrates (including fish) about 30 genes that control ovary or testis differentiation. Mutation in any of these genes can tilt development toward male or female, resulting in atypical sexual development, but never sex change. Perhaps an understanding of epigenetic changes in fish sex can offer us valuable insight, as we wrestle with new ideas about human sex and gender.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/129063/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jenny-graves-91614">Jenny Graves</a>, Distinguished Professor of Genetics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/la-trobe-university-842">La Trobe University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/erica-todd-802431">Erica Todd</a>, Lecturer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/neil-gemmell-502734">Neil Gemmell</a>, Professor of Reproduction and Genomics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-otago-1304">University of Otago</a> This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-we-learn-from-a-fish-that-can-change-sex-in-just-10-days-129063">original article</a>.

Family & Pets

High-tech fishing gear could help save endangered right whales

Many fish, marine mammals and seabirds that inhabit the world’s oceans are critically endangered, but few are as close to the brink as the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). <a href="https://www.narwc.org/uploads/1/1/6/6/116623219/2018report_cardfinal.pdf">Only about 411 of these whales exist today</a>, and at their current rate of decline, they could become extinct within our lifetimes. From 1980 through about 2010, conservation efforts focused mainly on protecting whales from being struck by ships. Federal regulations helped <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/reducing-ship-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales">reduce vessel collisions</a> and supported a slight rebound in right whale numbers. But at the same time, growing numbers of right whales died after becoming entangled in lobster and crab fishing gear, and the population has taken a significant downward turn. This may have happened because fishing ropes became stronger, and both whales and fishermen shifted their ranges so that areas of overlap increased. In research that is <a href="https://www.int-res.com/prepress/d03376.html">currently in press</a>, we show that 72% of diagnosed mortalities between 2010-2018 occurred due to entanglements. This comes after a millennium of whaling that decimated the right whale population, reducing it from perhaps between <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12664">10,000 to 20,000</a> to a few hundred animals today. And entanglement deaths are <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/230653">much more inhumane</a> than harpoons. A whaler’s explosive harpoon kills quickly, compared to months of drawn-out pain and debilitation caused by seemingly harmless fishing lines. We believe these deaths can be prevented by working with the trap fishing industries to adopt <a href="https://ropeless.org/">ropeless fishing gear</a> – but North Atlantic right whales are running out of time. Deadly encounters Whalers pursued right whales for centuries because this species swam relatively slowly and floated when dead, so it was easier to kill and retrieve than other whales. By the mid-20th century, scientists assumed they had been hunted to extinction. But in 1980, researchers from the New England Aquarium who were studying marine mammal distribution in the Bay of Fundy off eastern Canada were stunned when they <a href="https://www.canadianwhaleinstitute.ca/habitats">sighted 26 right whales</a>. Conservation efforts led to the enactment of regulations that required commercial ships to <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/reducing-ship-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales">slow down</a> in zones along the U.S. Atlantic coast where they were highly likely to encounter whales, reducing boat strikes. But this victory has been offset by rising numbers of entanglements. Adult right whales can produce up to an estimated <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12230">8,000 pounds of force</a> with a single stroke of their flukes. When they become tangled in fishing gear, they often break it and swim off trailing ropes and sometimes crab or lobster traps. Lines and gear can wrap around a whale’s body, flukes, flippers and mouth. They impede swimming and feeding, and cause chronic infection, emaciation and damage to blubber, muscle and bone. Ultimately these injuries weaken the animal until it dies, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu008">which can take months to years</a>. One of us, <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=DQ-fD1QAAAAJ">Michael Moore</a>, is trained as a veterinarian and has examined many entangled dead whales. Moore has seen fishing rope embedded inches deep into a whale’s lip, and a juvenile whale whose spine had been deformed by the strain of dragging fishing gear. Other animals had flippers nearly severed by swimming wrapped in inexorably constricting ropes. Entanglement injuries to right whales are the worst animal trauma Moore has seen in his career. Even if whales are able to wriggle free and live, the extreme stress and energy demands of entanglement, along with inadequate nutrition, are thought to be <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2615">preventing females from getting pregnant</a> and contributing to record low calving rates in recent years. Solutions for whales and fishermen The greatest entanglement risk is from ropes that lobster and crab fishermen use to attach buoys to traps they set on the ocean floor. Humpback and minke whales and leatherback sea turtles, all of which are federally protected, also become entangled. Conservationists are looking for ways to modify or eliminate these ropes. Rock lobster fishermen in Australia already use <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeeieRr7sTw">pop-up buoys</a> that ascend when they receive sound signals from fishing boats. The buoys trail out ropes as they rise, which fishermen retrieve and use to pull up their traps. Other technologies are <a href="https://www.wnpr.org/post/innovations-fishing-gear-could-change-lobster-industry-help-endangered-right-whale">in development</a>, including systems that <a href="https://ropeless.org/november-6th-2018-presentations/">acoustically identify traps on the seafloor</a> and mark them with “virtual buoys” on fishermen’s chart plotters, eliminating the need for surface buoys. Fishermen also routinely use a customized hook on the end of a rope to catch the line between traps and haul them to the surface when the buoy line goes missing. Transitioning to ropeless technology will require a sea change in some of North America’s most valuable fisheries. The 2016 U.S. lobster catch was worth <a href="https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/commercial-fisheries/commercial-landings/annual-landings/index">US$670 million</a>. Canadian fishermen landed <a href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/land-debarq/sea-maritimes/s2016av-eng.htm">CA$1.3 billion</a> worth of lobster and <a href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/land-debarq/sea-maritimes/s2016av-eng.htm">CA$590 million</a> worth of snow crab. Just as no fisherman wants to catch a whale, researchers and conservationists don’t want to put fishermen out of business. In our view, ropeless technologies offer a genuine opportunity for whales and the fishing industry to co-exist if they can be made functional, affordable and safe to use. Switching to ropeless gear is <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/lobster-trap-aims-protect-endangered-whalesand-fishers-livelihoods-180971208/">unlikely to be cheap</a>. But as systems evolve and simplify, and production scales up, they will become more affordable. And government support could help fishermen make the shift. In Canada, the federal and New Brunswick provincial governments recently awarded CA$2 million to Canadian snow crab fishermen to <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/snow-crab-right-whale-fishing-gear-research-1.5143321">test two ropeless trap designs</a>. Converting could save fishermen money in the long run. For example, California Dungeness crab fishermen closed their 2019 season three months ahead of schedule on April 15 to settle a lawsuit over whale entanglements, leaving crab they could have caught still in the water. Under the agreement, fishermen using ropeless gear will be <a href="https://www.nationalfisherman.com/west-coast-pacific/dungeness-drag/">exempt from future early closures</a>. A rebound is possible The <a href="https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/">Endangered Species Act</a> and <a href="https://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/marine-mammal-protection-act.html">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a> require the U.S. government to conserve endangered species. In Congress, the pending <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1568/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+3729%22%5D%7D">SAVE Right Whales Act of 2019</a> would provide $5 million annually for collaborative research into preventing mortalities caused by the fishing and shipping industries. And an advisory committee to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently recommended <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/team-reaches-nearly-unanimous-consensus-right-whale-survival-measures">significant fishing protections</a>, focused primarily on reducing the number of ropes in the water column and the strength of the remaining lines. Consumers can also help. Public outcry over dolphin bycatch in tuna fisheries spurred passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act and led to <a href="https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=PRD&ParentMenuId=228&id=1408">dolphin-safe tuna labeling</a>, which ultimately reduced dolphin mortalities from half a million to about 1,000 animals annually. Choosing lobster and crab products <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy194">caught without endangering whales</a> could accelerate a similar transition. North Atlantic right whales can still thrive if humans make it possible. The closely related southern right whale (Eubalaena australis), which has faced few human threats since the end of commercial whaling, has rebounded from just 300 animals in the early 20th century to an <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/southern-right-whale-eubalaena-australis-5-year-review-summary-and-evaluation">estimated 15,000 in 2010</a>. There are real ways to save North Atlantic right whales. If they go extinct, it will be on this generation’s watch. Editor’s note: This article was updated on May 28, 2019 to correct the number of North Atlantic right whale deaths in recent years that were caused by entanglements.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/115974/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-moore-652534">Michael Moore</a>, Senior Scientist, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/woods-hole-oceanographic-institution-954">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hannah-myers-726400">Hannah Myers</a>, Guest Investigator, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/woods-hole-oceanographic-institution-954">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/high-tech-fishing-gear-could-help-save-critically-endangered-right-whales-115974">original article</a>.

Family & Pets

Walking nightmare: Invasive fish that moves and breathes on land

US wildlife officials have warned the public to kill an invasive fish species that can survive on land upon contact. The warning came after an angler caught the northern snakehead fish this month in a pond in Gwinnett County, the first time the species was found in Georgia waters. “Thanks to the quick report by an angler, our staff was able to investigate and confirm the presence of this species in this water body,” said Matt Thomas, chief of fisheries for the Wildlife Resources Division. “We are now taking steps to determine if they have spread from this water body and, hopefully, keep it from spreading to other Georgia waters.” Snakeheads are native to Asia. They are long, thin, have a dark brown blotchy appearance and can grow up to a metre in length. They can also breathe air and survive and move on land for <a href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/snakehead-fish-survive-on-land/">a few days</a>. The fish is considered invasive in the state as it affects native species by competing for food and habitat. Georgia’s Department of Natural Resources urged fishers and anglers who catch snakeheads in the area to kill it immediately, take pictures of the fish and make note of the location they were caught in, such as the waterbody, landmarks or GPS coordinates.

Travel Trouble

“It’s a federal crime”: Tourists slammed after luring crocodile with fish

Two tourists who have been documenting their adventures through the Northern Territory have been slammed after posting a video of a crocodile sneaking onto a ramp to capture a fish that’s on the end of a fisherman’s line. The massive croc was caught on camera at Cahills Crossing in the Northern Territory’s Kakadu National Park. The couple are claiming that the video has been shared as a reminder of what crocodiles are capable of. “Croc sure wanted that Barra! Remember to be croc wise in croc country peeps,” their post read. <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B1hnHeRj5kw/" data-instgrm-version="12"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <a style="color: #000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B1hnHeRj5kw/" target="_blank">Croc sure wanted that Barra! Remember to be croc wise in croc country peeps! 🐊 • • • • • #crocodile #onlyinthent #cahillscrossing #ntaustralia #cuinthent #seekakadu #kakadunationalpark</a> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">A post shared by <a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/adventure.aus/" target="_blank"> Adventure Australia</a> (@adventure.aus) on Aug 23, 2019 at 4:37pm PDT </div> </blockquote> The footage has been shared on social media, but not everyone is convinced that it’s a near miss like depicted. The NT Crocodile Conservation and Protection Society are sceptical that the fish was “stolen” by the animal and have argued that it was set up by tourists. “[They] definitely did not try to stop the croc taking it. [They] literally got the croc on the ramp and left the fish sitting there for him! Oh and now the croc has a lure in his stomach.” “It is a federal crime to interfere with, or feed crocs. What’s worse is ... [they] are teaching the croc if he comes up on the ramp as a fish is caught the fishermen will let him have it!.” Others were concerned about the crocodile ingesting the metal hook in the fish. “Cahill Crossing is a known spot for big crocs... fishing for adrenaline junkies only! A fisherman was decapitated by a croc while fishing here,” one person wrote. “The hook is still in the fish, poor croc,” another said. “How ridiculous fishing so close to the crocs territory they can move a lot quicker than us,” a third person wrote.

International Travel

The pet combinations that are most likely to hate each other

These animal behaviour experts know which animals won't pair up and how to help the ones that can live peacefully in your animal kingdom. Predator-prey relationships Caring for the goldfish your kid won at the school carnival is fairly easy unless you have a curious cat waiting with a jar of tarter sauce nearby. It's not the cat's fault. But you should definitely keep natural instincts in mind before pairing up different species of pets. “Typically, in pairing we commonly stress predator-prey relationships in multi-species pairings. However, this is not always a factor,” states Brian W. Ogle, assistant professor and program coordinator, Anthrozoology at Beacon College Leesburg, Florida. “Early exposure during an animal's critical development period can greatly impact their ability to socialize.” For example, Dr. Ogle has two cats that live harmoniously with a rabbit. “This is only successful because my cats were exposed to rabbits as kittens and have grown up with them. Reinforcement of positive behaviors were critical.” Different breeds of fish That cute goldfish prefers a specific habitat that may not jibe with another type of fish. An animals' habitat plays a huge role in determining if animals can co-exist, especially in the case of fish and reptiles. Habitats aren't just about who gets the bigger rock to hide under, but things like natural history, eating patterns, and food types. For example, the cichlid fish should only be housed in cichlid communities, and you must know where the little guy comes from before introducing him to another cichlid. “For example, Lake Tanganyika cichlids can only be housed with other cichlids of the same area of origin. The different varieties of these cichlids each have their own unique habitat requirement,” says Dr. Ogle. Look for fish labeled 'community' for your aquarium as they do well in groups. However, caution is advised when joining fish that are labeled 'aggressive' or 'semi-aggressive' labelled fish. Different breeds of bird Some animals have distinctions that aren't easily detectable at first glance. Birds, for example, seem very similar, with the exception of their colorful plumage. Yet, each species has different habitats and unless you're an experienced bird owner and have the space and capability, Dr. Ogle says don't mix birds of different feathers. Yes, Polly does want a cracker but he's not sharing it with a canary. Farm animals Farm living often renders bucolic images of foals frolicking and cows grazing peacefully in lush green meadows. That's because farmer Mc Donald knows that some species don't play nice in the barnyard. “A surprising combination that does not work well together for most pet owners are ducks and chickens,” says Dr. Ogle. “They require vastly different habitats and physical needs.” Another odd couple is the rooster and drake (male duck). They can be aggressive in a flock. “Turkeys and chickens also have to be managed carefully. The main concern here is a parasitic infection known as blackhead disease,” says Dr. Ogle. As far as livestock goes, donkeys aren't too keen on dogs and need to be introduced to each other carefully. Reptiles and amphibians Reptiles and amphibians are in the herps family but not all should share a table at the family reunion. Some reptiles carry bacterial diseases that are usually harmless to them but could be harmful to another species. “This is especially true for animals that come from very different areas of the world and live in very different climates,” says Dr. Ogle. “It is not recommended mixing animals that do not naturally exist in the wild or share similar requirements in regard to climate, space and nutrition.” Reptiles have a difficult time communicating with other animals that don't share their communication methods. This results in unnecessary stress for both animals trying to coexist. “For example, you could not easily house an iguana with a desert tortoise due to their vastly different environmental needs. The same would go for a bearded dragon and tree frogs.” Toxic animals Some popular amphibians like the fire-belly toad and fire salamander produce a toxin that can be harmful to other amphibians or reptiles. “Even if the other animal does not attempt to eat their roommates, the build-up of toxins in the habitat can impact the other animal,” warns Dr. Ogle. Toxins from other animals isn't your only worry. Your backyard could contain toxins harmful to dogs as well. Choose wisely “When choosing to pair pets together in the same home, or as I like to call it 'building your pack' it's important to develop a strong understanding of your pets' personality traits such as focus characteristics, social style and experience level,” says Jessica O'Neill, canine behavior specialist and inventor of the JWalker dog harness. O'Neil recommends starting with one pet and creating a clear profile of that pet. Of course, that will take a bit of time so you can observe how your pet lives in his or her environment. Is your pet focused on their environment, the pack, you, social interaction, or a combination of these things? What is their social style? Are they high-strung, rough, calm, nervous, distant, etc.? What is your pet's experiences with other animals been like? There's a lot of information to collect. Some animals just can't be roommates based on natural factors but if you are thinking of pairing a cat and a dog, for example, certain skills and styles will complement each other and some will be a bad match. “For instance, pairing an introvert, environment-focused cat with a social, rough playing dog will not likely be an easy combination. Whereas a pairing a tolerant, owner-focused dog with balanced social skills and a young social dog with a rough play style may help prove to be an excellent combination,” says O'Neill. Even if the two animals become best buds, they will still require their own 'safe' place to retreat from each other. “Treat each pet as an individual as well as a member of the pack,” advises O'Neill. Introducing your pets Introducing unfamiliar animals to each other isn't something that should be done hastily. In fact, the animals shouldn't even meet face-to-face until they accustomed to each other's scents. “Keep the animals in separate rooms where they can smell one another, but cannot make physical contact. Once they feel comfortable in the space for some time, switch the two animals,” says Dr. Ogle. Now, the animals can become more familiar with the other animals scent without making physical contact. Do this as many times as possible. The goal is for the animals to appear nonreactive to the other animal's presence. Next step, is to introduce them through a barrier. A closed bathroom door allows the animals to smell each other and interact with limitations. If that process goes well, use a gate or cage, depending on the size of the animal. “Once the two animals have successfully been introduced, it is important to redirect any negative or aggressive behaviors and continuously reward positive behaviors,” instructs Dr. Ogle. “Your home should also be designed in a way that each of the animals have their own space that is theirs alone. This will allow them to retreat when necessary, but engage with the others on their own terms.” Written by Lisa Marie Conklin. This article first appeared in <a href="http://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/pet-combinations-are-most-likely-hate-each-other">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB&keycode=WRN93V">here’s our best subscription offer.</a>

Family & Pets

Mouth-watering kingfish & ocean trout ceviche

If you're cooking for a fancier audience, try this delicious seafood combination. Ingredients: 200g Hiramasa kingfish fillets 200g Petuna ocean trout fillets 50ml apple cider vinegar 75ml fresh lime juice 30g sea salt 50g sugar 10 cherry tomatoes, sliced 3 pickled turmeric onions (pickled onions, fresh turmeric, turmeric powder and green chilli) Black sesame seeds and baby coriander for garnish Directions: 1. Slice the fish fillets into your desired shape. Cubes or sashimi-style will work. 2. Combine the vinegar, sugar, salt and lime juice (check the mixture for taste, as some apple cider vinegars can be sweeter than others) and spoon over cut fish. Leave for 10 minutes to quickly cure. 3. For the onions (this is the cheat version): take a standard jar of pickled onions and add 1 knob of fresh grated turmeric, 1 teaspoon of turmeric powder and 2 sliced green chillies and add to the pickling liquor from inside the jar, then spoon over onions. Leave for 10-15 minutes and you're good to go. 4. Combine the rest of the ingredients and season with the same juice that has been curing the fish. 5. Place the fish on top of the salad/onions and garnish with sesame seeds and coriander. Republished with permission of <a href="https://www.wyza.com.au/recipes/hiramasa-kingfish-petuna-ocean-trout-ceviche.aspx">Wyza.com.au</a>.

Food & Wine

Perfect smoked fish paella

One of the reasons the so-called Mediterranean diet is considered healthy is that it features many dishes like this one from Spain, based on rice cooked in olive oil with lots of vegetables and a modest amount of protein foods. The spicy chorizo here adds an authentic Spanish flavour. <div id="ingredients">Ingredients <ul> <li>1 litre vegetable or fish stock</li> <li>large pinch of saffron threads</li> <li>50g thin chorizo sausage</li> <li>400g undyed smoked haddock fillet, skinned</li> <li>2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil</li> <li>1 large onion, finely chopped</li> <li>2 large cloves garlic, crushed, or 1 tablespoon bottled chopped garlic in oil, drained</li> <li>250 g green beans, cut into bite-sized pieces</li> <li>1 1/4 cups (275g) paella or other shortgrain rice</li> <li>1 cup (155g) frozen peas</li> <li>salt and pepper</li> <li>finely chopped fresh parsley to garnish</li> </ul> </div> Preparation <div> <ol> <li>Bring the stock to the boil in a pan over a high heat. Add the saffron threads, reduce the heat and leave to simmer gently while preparing the other ingredients.</li> <li>Remove the thick skin from the chorizo sausage and thinly slice the sausage. Cut the haddock into large chunks.</li> <li>Heat the oil in a 30 cm round, shallow flameproof casserole, paella pan or frying pan. Add the chorizo, onion, garlic and green beans and fry for 2 minutes, stirring occasionally.</li> <li>Add the rice and stir until all the grains are coated with oil. Add the saffron-flavoured stock and stir. Season with salt and pepper to taste.</li> <li>Bring to the boil, then reduce the heat to low and simmer for 3 minutes.</li> <li>Gently stir in the haddock pieces and peas. Simmer for 20 minutes or until all the liquid has been absorbed and the rice is tender.</li> <li>Stir halfway through cooking, taking care not to break up the haddock too much. Sprinkle with chopped parsley and serve.</li> </ol> This article first appeared in <a href="http://www.readersdigest.com.au/recipes/smoked-fish-paella">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB&keycode=WRN87V">here’s our best subscription offer.</a> </div> <img style="width: 100px !important; height: 100px !important;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7820640/1.png" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/f30947086c8e47b89cb076eb5bb9b3e2" />

Food & Wine

Fish and chips shop owner’s hilarious responses to negative online reviews

Most of the time, a negative review can be a real downer for business owners – but one fish and chips shop owner decided to use his quick wit to respond to the unsatisfied customers in the most hilarious fashion. The Bunker fish and chip shop in the English seaside village of Seahouses is known by many as the best chip shop in the entire village. But while business is booming, co-owner Rod White tends to receive the odd negative comment here and there via TripAdvisor and Google, and always determined, Mr White has fired back with his own responses. His witty comments have garnered popularity, with Mr White now having fans of his own – and some, visiting the chip shop to meet the man for themselves. <img width="496" height="165" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7820202/eb009eeeb2a9ea8e573469a065617fa4_496x165.jpg" alt="Eb 009eeeb 2a 9ea 8e 573469a 065617fa4"/> <img width="498" height="245" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7820203/931e43bbf77bce64732f4d6d9681d798_498x245.jpg" alt="931e 43bbf 77bce 64732f 4d 6d 9681d 798"/> One review complained about the lack of gluten-free options, and that the fish was covered in grease, to which Mr White responded: “Your comments are duly noted sir and from now on we shall be frying our fish and chips in daffodil extract. “Once cooked, the fish will spend 5 minutes in a tumble drier, while at the same time, staff member X will be blow drying the chips, with one of those Dyson hair dryers, you know the one that doesn’t even look like a hair dryer? until there is no sign of grease whatsoever. “Then, and only then, will the plate of Atlantic cod and Northumbrian chipped potatoes be presented to our customers.” One customer complained about the price for chips and mushy peas, to which Mr White responded: “We take note that you and your nine friends won’t be visiting here in the future and will take this into account when preparing next year’s budget forecasts.” Another complained about the long wait for his food, and that the chips were “greasy and soft”, the fish “dry” and the portions “miserably small”. To which Mr White issued a lengthy response, where he offered a chip colour chart for his servers to consult. He wrote: “Each customer will be asked when placing their order, exactly what shade of chip they’d prefer. After pointing to a chip chart at the back of the shop, our fryer can then leave each separate customer’s chips in frying, until they reach their particular favourite shade. “That way, there’ll be no worry that customers, like your good self sir, will be going away with chips of the wrong hue. Absolutely brilliant, even if I say so myself. “So, let me thank you again for taking time out of your busy schedule to moan in length about the catastrophe that happened in your day. “I hope you’ve managed to calm down now, got a good night’s sleep, and can get on with the rest of your disaster-filled life without too much worry. Anyway, must dash, got a chip chart to prepare.” Mr White, who co-owns the business with his brother-in-law, doesn’t have an explanation as to why he signs his responses with “Lionel Blair” or “Montgomery Applegate” but has said that the comments are a result of “exasperation". “You deal with hundreds of people a day and you cannot please everybody,” he said.

Food & Wine

Restaurant’s hilarious response to woman who complained about $14 meal

When Debbie Davis gave a two-star review based on what she believed was an inflated price for fish and chips, she probably didn’t expect to get such a hilarious response. Posting on the Facebook page for the Oxton Bar and Kitchen in the UK, Debbie mentioned that her food was “lovely” and the “staff are amazing” but “I cannot see how you justify your prices, small fish and chips £8 plus, and it was small?” <img width="500" height="500" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7267041/2_500x500.jpg" alt="2 (51)"/> The poor review saw a swift response from the restaurant, where they explained to Debbie in no uncertain terms exactly how much they make from her meal, which equates to around $14. “OK Debbie. Where do I begin?” the response begins. “Out of that £8, our nasty government is charging you 20% vat [GST] which we collect by law on their behalf, so we're left with £6.66. “Out of this, we need to buy the fresh ingredients; 1 haddock fillet; get a chef to make everything from scratch; a delicious beer batter, homemade tartare sauce, mushy peas and chunky chips (the whole cost of ingredients for this plate comes to roughly £2.70). “This leaves us with £3.94, for which alas our pesky chef expects remuneration!! “Then we realised the 'lovely' food doesn't float to you, so we have to pay 'amazing' staff to serve you and clear up for you. “So if £3.94 is not justifiable for creating and affording this whole experience with us, you're welcome to recreate it in the comfort of your own home.” <img width="500" height="500" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7267042/1_500x500.jpg" alt="1 (76)"/> Later the restaurant posted a snap of the “sinister and unjustifiable” fish and chips – yet funnily enough there was no reply from Debbie. Other readers were quick to jump to the defence of the restaurant, with one stating that it was an “excellent response”. “It’s nearly double the price where we live. Good for you! I think your tongue in cheek reply was a perfect response.” Another added, “If a customer can have their say, so should you!” Would you leave a review like this? We would love to hear your thoughts in the comments. Image credit: Oxton Bar and Kitchen

Technology

Can you spot the camouflaged fish?

An underwater photographer has captured an incredible moment a very well camouflaged fish revealed itself. Vital Bazarov was on a solo dive in the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt, when he spotted the unassuming fish. Officially known as Inimicus filamentosus, the fish uses its yellow, grey and brown colouring, as well as its strange body shape to blend in the sandy seabed and coral surroundings. Can you spot it yet? If not, watch the video below. Once it gets on the move, you realise how vibrant and colourful the fish really is! <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WWOmZicMdw0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> Video credit: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcR4cyQyAF-guvk7Wm5Lbqg" class="g-hovercard yt-uix-sessionlink spf-link ">Caters Clips</a>

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